The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds Essay Example for Free

The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds Essay Respectable and Prices inside and out article looking at the particular specialized characteristics of the water check in the Tower of Winds in the Roman Agora of Athens indicates to be a virtual recreation of the Tower of Winds and, explicitly, the water-clock and supporting water-tower inside. The article is only that and little else. While undauntedly keeping up all through the article that the water-clock and the Tower of Winds have gotten too minimal scholarly and logical consideration throughout the hundreds of years and deploring that such a superbly inquisitive structure (which has been kept up and constantly involved over the numerous hundreds of years since its development), the writers do little to sensationalize the Towers presence or bring the rich archeological proof and data made accessible by the structure into striking, narrative acknowledgment. Sufficiently genuine, the Tower and the water-clock are commonly disregarded by researchers. A model is G. J. Whitrows notice of the Tower of Winds in his book Time ever: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day which states just: there is proof of progressively expand instrumentation, for example, the Tower of the Winds which can in any case be found in Athens, north of the Acropolis. Planned and worked by the space expert Andronicus Kyrrhestes of Macedonia in the second quarter of the main century BC, with a breeze vane and confused sundials on every one of its eight dividers, its most intriguing component is a store in a littler structure that remained close to its south side 1 with the suggestion that the remainder of the structure was, actually, of little intrigue. Incidentally, the very idea of a water-clock incites a feeling of puzzle and intrigue. The cause of water-timekeepers is dared to be Egyptians who built up the water-clock as a technique for monitoring time around evening time when sun-dials were, clearly, unequipped for working: To give a methods for estimating time around evening time the Egyptians additionally concocted the water-clock, or clepsydra as the Greeks later called it Vitruvius, expounding on 30 BC, portrayed various sorts 2 so the historical backdrop of the water-clock is profound and lavishly broad. The Noble-Price article alludes to this rich history for the innovative and social centrality of the water-clock, however sidesteps any genuine crystallization of the potential manifestations of water-timekeepers which went before the gigantic model in the Tower of Winds. Before looking at the qualities and shortcomings of the articles to a great extent specialized explanation, it might be helpful to sum up all in all what a water-clock is and what it is expected to do. Despite the fact that the Noble-Price article unquestionably satisfies this requirement for primer data, the Columbia Encyclopedia improves employment of expressing, compactly, the general chronicled advancement of the water-clock: More detailed clepsydras were later evolved. Some were twofold vessels, the bigger one underneath containing a buoy that rose with the water and denoted the hours on a scale. A structure all the more intently foretelling the clock had a string affixed to the buoy with the goal that it turned a wheel, whose development demonstrated the time. A further advance was the utilization of apparatus haggles turning pointer. 3 Another key purpose of the Noble-Price article pertinent to the historical backdrop of clepsydras is what shows the qualification between the two significant kinds of water-timekeepers (or clepsydras) which were utilized widely in old occasions: the surge model and the in-stream model. The article makes reference to that The outpouring clepsydra was referred to as right on time as the third thousand years B. C. in Egypt, [ ] In this sort water is permitted to escape from a vessel by trickling from an opening close to its base. Time is then determined by estimating the fall of the water level, or the whole time frame taken for all the water to deplete away with the ensuing negative result that the pace of move through the hole relies upon the head of water above it; in this manner as the water depletes away the stream turns out to be more slow. 4 By differentiate, with the inflow gadget, the development of which Vitruvius credits to Ktesibios, water was taken care of into a tank some way or another prepared to give a steady head of water. From a little hole close to the base of the tank, water trickled at a steady rate into a barrel shaped compartment furnished with a buoy; the buoy showed the adjustment in water level and accordingly the time slipped by 5 and this arrangement si obvious in the Tower of Winds where The round and hollow pinnacle segment of the Tower of the Winds is entirely fit to house such a mechanical assembly 6. Such specialized qualifications are apparently minor, yet assume a key job in the quest for the article being talked about. As Noble-Price show in the articles opening passage, the expectation of the article is to fill this long-standing lacuna 7 where the enthralling archeological proof of The Tower of Winds is finally brought to the consideration of genuine eyewitnesses by method of the writers useful reclamation of the component structured by Andronikos of Kyrrhos in Macedonia, most likely close to the start of the second 50% of the main century 8 and the writers absolutely satisfy this guarantee. The weakness of the article is its dry, specialized elucidation of the water-clock and Tower which does little to enhance the writers own dry perception that At the beginning it must be conceded that scholarly and recorded implications to the Tower of the Winds or its creator give practically no sign that the structure was anything over a detailed breeze vane. 9 By differentiate, Suzanne Youngs study, An Athenian Clepsydra, portrays a connecting with specialized explanation alongside a sensational diversion of the capacity of the clepsydra in the act of antiquated law: Our soonest expert for the clepsydra is Aristophanes. One of his melody of old Acharnians protests that it is not really fitting that adolescents should disgrace an old keeps an eye on silver hairs by hauling him into case to annihilate him at the clepsydra. 10 Young separates her specialized explanation with chronicled tale and diversion: In a marginally later play he prods a jury-court veteran (his central Wasp ) who never dozes a wink11 or on the off chance that he rest off even the slightest bit his brain goes rippling in the night about the clepsydra. Such a methodology finds the peruser unmistakably increasingly arranged to ingest the all the more requesting particulars of the specialized and social qualities being talked about. Essentially, Henry Robinsons article The Tower of the Winds and the Roman Market-Place embraces an account recorded way to deal with the understanding of the water-clock and Tower, presuming that The Tower of the Winds filled in as an open watch for the city of Athens. Its inside instruments, at that point, similar to those in the horologium of Scipio Xasica at Rome, ought to have been open to the people of the city consistently, both night and day. The nonattendance of one cutting on every limit square and of one on the floor of the Tower shows this was the situation 12 and driving the peruser to comprehend the social hugeness of the engineering. Maybe the Noble-Price article may have profited by a touch of individual contemplation or discourse from the writers outside of that which relates to the shortage of dynamic grant comparable to their picked subject for the article. Tragically, the creators distinctively pass up on any chance to incorporate such material, or even a touch of lighthearted element as is clear in Carl W. Blegans article Prosymna: Remains of Post-Mycenaean Date which catelogs a gigantic measure of data on a confounding exhibit of ancient rarities and figures out how to pack this data into an engaging and significant bundle. Maybe it is fundamental for the human psyche to accentuate its retention of data with cutaway snapshots of passionate reflection, cleverness, and contemplation. Assuming this is the case, the Noble-Price article experiences extraordinarily its absence of such punctuated feeling. The Blegen article, for instance, gets done with a touch of cleverness and riddle, portraying an antiquated Egyptian ancient rarity: The bends and the lines are generally precisely and painstakingly drawn. The zodiacal names and the numerals of the hours are written in genuinely all around shaped letters which appear to have a place with the finish of the second century B. c. , and we may presume that the circle was made about that time. The dedicatory engraving, then again, with its swarmed, severely formed letters, normal utilization of t for Z, EI for 0, and for R,must be an a lot later expansion, maybe assignable to the second century A. D. whatever its prior history, the sun-dial was probably around then committed to Hera and set up in the asylum; from which it should along these lines have moved down the slope to where it was found. taking everything into account, while the Noble-Price article works admirably of introducing specialized subtleties, is profoundly investigated, and actually planned, the article comes up short on any story or sensational power which and will probably do little to unearth the Tower of the Winds from academic or mainstream indefinite quality. NOTES 1. G. J. Whitrow, Time ever: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 50. 2 G. J.Whitrow, Time ever: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 27. ) 3. The Columbia Encyclopedia sixth ed. , s. v. Clepsydra, 4. Respectable Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 351. 5. Respectable Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 346. 6. Honorable Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 346. 7. Respectable Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archeology, Vol. 72, No. 4

Titan Watches free essay sample

The market reviews show that scarcely 20% of grown-up Indians own a watch and about 90% of them own a solitary watch. In order to continue and endeavor in this situation, an organization needs to advertise itself well. Among those advertising technique applied by the organizations, one is STP (division, focusing on, situating) ANALYSIS. Here, STP examination is accomplished for an organization which has the most noteworthy piece of the pie in the watch market of India and it is TITAN. As the world’s 6th biggest maker brand of watches, the companys items pull in the classes and masses both. The 960-crore Titan Industries Ltd (TIL) is an aggregate between the Tamil Nadu mechanical Development Corporation and the Tata Group of Companies and it was built up in 1984. Titan Industries Ltd has part its mainline watch business into two:- Sonata and Titan. As their overseeing executive says,†volume development will originate from Sonata and worth development from Titan†. We will compose a custom exposition test on Titan Watches or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page CURRENT AFFAIRS: Growth Rate: Titan is keeping up a development pace of 30-35%. Tentative arrangements: ? Titan is wanting to reveal its own Swiss made premium watches brand 'Xylys by August 2007, so as to draw the watch showcase. Xylys would contend with premium worldwide brands including Tissot and Rado. ? Titan is planning to be a $1 billion organization by 2010(Rs 4,700) crore subsequently obtaining a three-overlay development. The STP Process SEGMENTATION Dividing the market by gathering the client with comparative tastes and inclinations into one fragment is called will be called â€Å"segmentation†. Division assist advertisers with understanding the requirements of various clients better and serve them with better incentives. A market includes various buyers having countless tastes and inclinations. Depending n their showcasing approach and the idea of the items advertisers can receive distinctive level s of division. The degrees of market division are: †¢ Segment Marketing †¢ Individual Marketing †¢ Niche Marketing †¢ Local Marketing Division is additionally now and then distinguishing, catching and holding potential new markets. TITAN PERSPECTIVE Titan has divided its business into three fundamental classifications: ? ? ? Mass Mid-premium extravagance

How to Find Motivation during Spring

How to Find Motivation during Spring How to Stay Motivated in Springtime? Home›Education Posts›How to Stay Motivated in Springtime? Education PostsTips for StudentsOh, spring!! Sunshine, flowers and the birds’ singing. Every next day is longer and, what is more important, warmer than the previous one. As a result, you want anywhere except for your classroom. Winter months are more suitable for studying, but when the sun begins to shine brighter, it becomes much more difficult to focus on your, for example, essay writing process and remain motivated. Losing the desire to study at such a critical moment in the semester can have rather a negative impact on the academic performance. However, it is possible to remain motivated by following the tips kindly offered by QualityCustomEssays.com below:Providing an effective organization.Spring is ideal for reorganization of your belongings. Look in your bag, notebooks, computer, room and your thoughts. Remove everything you do not need and find a suitable place for all file s and other things you will need in the future. Realizing that everything is in its place will not only help you to be motivated to do your homework, but also will save your time. Buying a new calendar is also a good idea. As well as keeping the record of your exams, assignments and social events.Establishing a proper routine.Physical as well as mental wellbeing plus a good study schedule will improve your motivation. So it is advisable to form good habits and follow them on regular basis. To establish efficient routine, you should outline daily schedule (your classes, extracurricular activities and your job, if you have one). Then in your schedule you should plan time for studying, socializing, exercise and rest. It is rather important to practice each activity every day. Eating well and having enough sleep are of great importance. This will help you to feel less stressed and become more focused.Setting small goals and planning in advance.Remember your motivation degree at the begi nning of semester. You were probably dreaming about next holidays. At the beginning of spring try to awake the same feeling inside and apply it to the end of this semester. You can make exciting plans for summer and get inspired by them. Reaching the aim is rewarding. We all enjoy that feeling. It results in greater motivation to do more and better. Thus, setting and reaching some small goals during the semester will make you feel you are on track and in such a way motivated.So have you already set yourself a goal for this spring? Undoubtedly, you strive to finish semester with high level of motivation. QualityCustomEssays.com wishes you good luck.

Personality And Employee Job Performance - 1277 Words

Topic: Personality and Employee Job Performance Introduction MARS Model indicates that motivation, ability, role perceptions and situational factors generally determine an individual’s performance. With the personality testing, such as Myer Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), being used widely by organisations in pre-employment, the relationship between personality and job performance seems stronger, comparing to the MARS Model era. In accordance with Penny et al.’s research (2011), however, the relationship between personality and performance is complicated. Earlier in 1990, Blinkhorn and Johnson’s research suggested that there was little evidence to ensure the higher personality testing score a person obtained, the better job performance†¦show more content†¦The conclusion that 50% of the variations were generic was not generally acknowledged because of the ascription that much of the greater similarity of monozygotic (MZ) twins compared to dizygotic (DZ) twins was the consequence of environmental effect. This ascript ion was widely accepted by the psychologists at that time (Thomas Bouchard 1994). In 2000, McCrae and his colleague concluded a notion that personality was more influenced by human biology (nature). Kandler’s research (2012) indicates that heritability appears more and more stable with the increase of age, leading to personality formation from childhood up to young adulthood. The most possible explanation of this phenomenon is that people form self-concept gradually when getting older (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione 2013). The researcher also claims that the development of personality will be shaped by external environment (nurture) to larger extent (Kandler 2012). After years of debates, most experts are now reaching an agreement that personality is affected by both nature and nurture, although the weight of each has been being studied and argued (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione 2013). People’s possession of personality traits is one of the most essential elements of personality theory. As the most widely recognised model of personality traits approach, the Five-Factor Model (FFM) has been transformed over a few decades, from a 17,000-word description in Roget’s

Top Chicago Style Essay Samples Choices

Top Chicago Style Essay Samples Choices The Lost Secret of Chicago Style Essay Samples Image links aren't great for search engine optimization. It's crucial because the info published on the site can change over a brief period. You've been redirected to our new website. There are sites offering several facts about how to present information associated with the formatting style. A Startling Fact about Chicago Style Essay Samples Uncovered On the flip side, it shouldn't be so broad that some resources would outweigh the info you could squeeze into one paper. Summary particulars of the source have to get decoded in the conclusion of each page. Author really isn't the source of info in table Authors commonly utilize statistics or a whole statistical table from another source. He is also the source of information in table The following models may be used when the author of the item you want to cite is also the source of the information in the table. In truth, it's better to s et the paper aside for a couple days between proofreading sessions. In any case, such assignments are rather intricate and frequently cause numerous stressful circumstances, confusion, and other issues. Before you even begin writing, make sure you are familiar with the data which you are working with. Over time, writing has been an important process of passing information from 1 person to the next all around the world. Adhering to the Chicago Manual of Style rules closely are a valuable part of making a thriving paper. Videos are put in quotations. A very good academic writing implies the use of quotations. Numerous writing styles have been made over time. Most often, a specific formatting style is used for a specific area of knowledge. There are a lot of key reference styles utilized in academic writing. You may use the references Tab then set the cursor in which you need to bring the foot and click insert footnote. Each style has different requirements in regards to its format. As an example, Chicago style employs the serial comma, sometimes referred to as the Oxford comma. Since you may see, the writing voice is extremely important. Your future writing assignment will appear a lot more correct and organized with a particular format applied. You place the number beside the author's name. If, but the title of a published work comprises abbreviated inclusive dates, the abbreviation needs to be retained. Based on the significance of the paper, you might want to employ someone to do some additional proofreading for you. If you're intimidated at the notion of making a book, there are various helpful sources out there to give you a hand. If you may take a rest from the paper for a couple days, you will be surprised how far better your proofreading sessions go with a fresh look at the paper. Simple writing isn't enjoy a part of furniture. There's a typical college essay writing format that you need to follow. Make it a practice of writing daily even when you have been writing for ten minutes. Writing is the kind of expressing your own personal freedom that's used to free us from mass identity spread around us. The titles of the majority of poems ought to be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of quite long poems ought to be italicized. As previously mentioned, one well-known quality of Chicago style essay format is the usage of footnotes and endnotes. The Turabian style papers also incorporate footnotes or endnotes section that's single spaced. Every style gives you official citation guides. What's a persuasive essay. In addition, the readers might not even bother to read it. The bibliographic list must be completed in an alphabetical order that makes it simple for the readers to trace a source through the usage of the surnames of the authors. Whenever you have four or more authors, you will list all them in the bibliography utilizing exactly the same format as you would for one, a few authors.

Behaviorism the beginnings Free Essays

Behaviorism is one of the most influential schools of psychology, especially American psychology. The development of behaviorism was spurned as a reaction to structuralism and functionalism. Behaviorism was posited as a revolution in the methodology of the science of psychology (Hothersall, 1995), while structuralism and functionalism have argued that the rightful object of study of psychology is the mind and consciousness and have developed methods that congruently were subjective and enabled the psychologists of that time to study the mind and consciousness. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviorism the beginnings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although behaviorism has become established as a major force in psychology, in its earlier days it was not popular and embraced by many psychologists. However as behaviorism evolved and developed into a theoretically based and objective science many have found its assumptions practical and scientific. Western psychology’s history is short and colorful compared to other sciences, it started with structuralism from Germany with Wundt at the helm (Murphy, 1930). When psychology arrived in America it obviously followed structuralism, and since it was too philosophical for the American scholars. James developed his own paradigm and called it functionalism, which in essence focused on the function of consciousness in explaining behavior than in studying the structure of the mind. Functionalism held greater influence in American psychology but together with structuralism it still espoused that psychology is the study of the mind and consciousness. The zeitgeist of that period was that the focus of psychology is the understanding of the human mind and internal experiences (Hothersall, 1995). This inspired psychologists to devise methods of studying perception and consciousness in the attempt to discover the workings of the human mind. Research at that time was centered on identifying and describing physiological experiences and how it affected human behavior. Psychologists were comfortable with the notion that psychology is the study of the mind and most of them wrote about the self, attention, consciousness, perception and even mental processes that were believed to be the cause of human behavior. At this point, methods used to study the human mind were subjective and did not lend itself to replication and reliability which in turn questioned the veracity of psychological researches. Although functionalism stressed that the mind and consciousness were responsible for human actions, they viewed behavior as a product of mental processes and ignored its importance in the study of psychology. Functionalism however stressed the application of psychological knowledge to practical issues such as learning, education and organizational development. The pragmaticism of functionalism led it to the discovery that human behavior is as much important to study since it is directly related to the human mind. Functionalism also identified the shortcomings of structuralism and its methods and since it was heavily influenced by Darwin, functionalism also welcomed the idea of studying animals in laboratories to test psychological assumptions. While this new developments were gaining support, a new school of psychology emerged from the work and writings of Ivan Pavlov (Hothersall, 1995). Pavlov was able to demonstrate that a dog can be trained to salivate with just the sound of a bell intrigued some psychologists and became one of the most popular teachings in psychology; Pavlov called this process classical conditioning. In America, John B. Watson was impressed with the experiments of Pavlov that he embraced the idea that behavior is the mot important aspect of man that should be studied by psychology (Watson, 1913). John B. Watson was an influential person and he is conventionally credited to be the father of behaviorism as he strongly and eloquently articulated the new psychology of that time. Central to Watson’s argument was that he accepted that animal behavior is quite similar to human behavior and that they are legitimate subjects in the experimental study of behavior. Earlier, it was mentioned that behaviorism was revolutionary in the sense that it developed a methodology of study of psychology and that it held few theoretical explanations to human behavior. Watson (1913) posited that any behavior is a response to a stimuli and the relationship between the stimulus and the response should be the subject matter of psychology. Watson also erased the mental processes that the structuralism and functionalism was focused on, arguing that studying mental processes are futile and subjective and did not uphold the scientific and experimental tradition of the discipline. Watson became the editor of the Psychological Review, one of the earliest scientific journals in psychology and used his position in the paper to put forth his ideas and conceptualizations of psychology as the behaviorist would see it (Watson Evans, 1990). Watson was a radical behaviorist, he always referred to himself as â€Å"the behaviorist† and it implied that he renounced all mental processes as devoid of any psychological insight. He reasoned that structuralism and functionalism are limited perspectives and it did not offer objective and rational explanations of behavior. He was famous for his experiments with Little Albert, wherein he conditioned fear of white and flurry objects in a small child. He demonstrated that fear can be conditioned and that it is manifested in different objects that fit the original object used as a stimulus (Watson, 1928). Watson believed that every action is a product of conditioning and that genetics or cultural orientations does not have anything to do with it. When asked to explain thinking, he said that thinking was not a mental process per se; instead it is an act of speaking in symbolic form (Watson, 1913). Watson’s intense dedication to behaviorism led him to believe that he can train any child to become what he wants them to be by subjecting them to the environment and experiences that would support this personality (Watson, 1928). Watson was a true-blooded behaviorist and this actually was the main criticism leveled against him. Psychologists who were trained in the functionalist and structuralist traditions had difficulty accepting Watson’s theories since it took out the mind and consciousness in psychology. There were a number of supporters but they also believed that mental processes are as much important as behavior. another criticism of Watson was that behaviorism was too deterministic, it seemed that the person had no free will since he/she is controlled by his/her environment. It can be remembered that psychology was the child of philosophy and for those who were trained in philosophical logic stressed free will, choice and freedom. Support for Watson waned in the later part of his career since he became too caught up in his assumptions on behaviorism that his contentions became too radical and lacked scientific credence. Watson’s major contribution to psychology is his emphasis on objective methods of research and the use of rats and animals in the study of psychology. Behaviorism became one of the great schools of thought in psychology because it evolved and developed into what we now know as modern behaviorism (Hothersall, 1995), a theoretical perspective that still focuses on human behavior as the object of study but have come to acknowledge the importance of mental processes, genetics and environmental experiences, as well as using methods that not only seek to elicit behavior but also gives due attention to thinking, attention, emotions and consciousness. References Hothersall, D. (1995). History of Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Murphy, G. (1930). A Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace Company, Inc. Watson, J. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177. Watson, J. (1928). The Ways of Behaviorism. New York: Harper Brothers Publishing. Watson, R. Evans, R. (1990). The great psychologists: An intellectual history 5th ed. New York: HarperCollins. How to cite Behaviorism the beginnings, Papers

Social Class and Education free essay sample

Education is essential in society for a number of reasons. Firstly, education is important for developing skills for employment and living. If we did not have basic education, it would severely impact on society. Subsequently, it is possible that society could break down due to the absence, or poor quality of communication and basic skills. The World is dependent upon communication, which is developed through education (Mortimore 1986). Furthermore, another important purpose of education in society is to control unconformity. Education is a way in which people are taught the social and ideological norms which are dominant in society. Consequently, with the absence of education, it could foresee a delinquent future for society. Mortimore (1986) stated that within society, it has always been evident that people fall into different categories termed as ‘Social Class’. This shorthand label could be defined in numerous ways, most prominently by the scale developed by the Registrars General. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Class and Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Categories are classified as a result of breadwinner occupation, which are managed into five categories: Social Class I and II, professional and managerial occupations; Social Class IIIa, would be other manual workers, Social Class IIIb, skilled manual workers; Social Class IV, semi-skilled occupations; Social Class V, unskilled occupations. This is a rather reductionist point of view to take when classifying people, as quality home, relationships, interests and lifestyles are not taken into account (Mortimore, 1986). A way in which children are categorised in school based on social class, is the eligibility of free school meals. Schools provide free school meals to children whose family receive any kind of income based support, such as jobseekers allowance (Direct Gov). Figures show that in 2006-2010 55. 8 percent of pupils eligible for free school meals achieved the national average level in English and Mathematics, compared to 77. 1 percent of pupils were not eligible (Department for education, National statistics). ‘Many pupils in disadvantaged communities are simply less intelligent than others in higher social classes, according to the Scottish chief medical officer. It is apparent that children placed in the lower class categories are under achieving in comparison with higher class children. Again National Statistics demonstrate that there is a 23. 7 percentage point gap between the most and least deprived areas, which are defined by the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Indices. ‘ reclaim social class as a central concern within education as a powerful and vital aspect of both learner and wider social identities. ’ (Diane Reay 2006) Reay stresses just how vital social class is within education. As attainment levels appear to be affected by the influence of social class, this certainly highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between social class and education; consequently making changes to reduce the gaps in attainment levels. Furthermore, Davies,J (1980) illustrated that Social Class can create differences in attendance patterns of pupils. Looking at percentage of absence, he found a 7. 1 percent difference between attendance of pupils with a non manual family background and pupils from social class 5. In addition to this, Davies discovered a range of 16. 1 percent between non manual and unemployed backgrounds. Mortimore (1986) states that attendance rates have been considerably influenced by social class. ‘Whether that is a direct influence (working class parents being less motivated to insist that their children attend school) or an indirect one (pupils with working class backgrounds been less successful in academic life and, therefore, being less committed to the value of schooling) has not yet been resolved satisfactorily. ’ (Mortimore, P and Mortimore, J 1986) Mortimore et al discuss how social class, attendance and attainment are closely linked. It is suggested that children from a working class background who are less successful in academic life have a tendency to value education less, subsequently not attending. However, could it not be argued that the reason the child is underachieving be the fact that they do not attend school enough? It is clear that social class, attendance and attainment are inextricably linked. School behaviour is also another factor that is linked to social class; however this issue is substantially more complex to monitor. To study school behaviour is extremely difficult as behaviour is influenced by a number of things, such as teacher behaviour and general school ethos. Research into social class and adjustment to school was monitored and evidently there was a higher percentage of pupils less successfully adjusted, who were in the lower classes, especially unemployed (EP 1982, Mortimore, P and Mortimore, J 1986). Many reasons for the relationship between social class and education have been debated. Hyman, H (1967) alleged that working class people compared to middle class people tended to lack ambition. He believed that working class attitudes emulated their experience of working class labour: A chance of promotion being slim, therefore their future reflects their present, resulting in no need to make long term plans. This attitude could be then acquired by the children of working class families, thus not valuing education and schooling. Poverty is an essential factor in the close relationship between social class and education. Less economically well off parents will have less disposable income to spend on their children and their education. Economical, social and cultural capitals are key in education (Bordieu). Bernstein argued that the linguistic codes in place favoured middle class children. He established that Middle Class people operated with elaborated code, whereas working class people use a restricted code. This posed a disadvantage to working class children as teachers usually operated the elaborated code. Could this manifest an explanation of lower attainment on behalf of working class children? (Bordieu). Other reasons that have been argued to create this relationship include Baxter et al’s (1981) study found that babies born into working class. Families boast a slimmer chance of developing into healthy children. In addition to this, school resources play a huge part in the quality of a school and the education they offer. A school in a low socio-economic area may not possess the right level of resources, subsequently affecting their pupils’ educational development (Mortimore et al). It is obvious that there are numerous reasons for the relationship between education and social class. Children’s patterns of performance at school, attainment, behaviour and attendance have been proved to be affected by social class. However, other important issues such as race and ethnicity and gender also have a great impact on education. The three social and cultural issues are inextricably linked and entwined amongst each other; therefore it is almost impossible to boldly state that social class is the only factor in play whilst analysing statistics and results of studies (Little, A). Nevertheless, we have come to a conclusion that Social Class does have a great affect on education, and research should continue to try and combat this.

Square Root Using Sequential Cordic Essays

Square Root Using Sequential Cordic Essays Square Root Using Sequential Cordic Essay Square Root Using Sequential Cordic Essay Square root using Sequential Cordic Assignment-2 Submitted to: Dr. Sumam David Dept. of Electronics Communication Engineering NITK Surathkal Submitted by: Rakshith Sharma 10EC87 Vikas Majjagi 10EC107 Mullapudi Srinivas 10EC99 Algorithm: This is implemented for a range of input values 0. 75 since Xin should be less than 1 for the bit notation we used. Here we use the vectoring Mode of CORIC and its Hyperbolic subcase to calculate Xout=sqrt(xin2 -yin2 ) And yout= 0 Bit notation: [MSB(sign bit)] . (bit 1 to 15 for +ve fraction)] If we use xin=M+ ? and yin=M -1/4 we can compute xout=sqrt(M). The other equations of the cordic remain the same ie, X(i+1)=x(i)+d(i)*y(i)*2-i Y(i+1)=y(i)+d(i)*x(i)*2-i Z(i+1)= z(i) – d(i)*a(i) where a(i)=tan-1 (2-i) In this case we use 16bit fixed point notation with one sign bit and 15 bits in Q15 notation. A total of 12 iterations are used to reach the result where y(i) is sufficiently close to 0 and x(i) is approximately equal to sqrt(M). In case of hyperbolic, it is necessary to repeat shift iteration number for 4 th and 7th iterations in order to make the series to converge. The final obtained x(i) is to be multiplied by 1. 207534056 to get the result. The flow chart for the algorithm implement in the VHDL code is as shown in the following page. d(i)=1 if x(i)*y(i)0 Y(i) has gone to 0(apprx) input M=0. 63998413 output X(i)=0. 80035533 Y=0? sh ift12 Yes No Yes X(i)=sqrt(M) Yes Check iteration number Shift=4 or 7? Shiftrep= 0? No No Shiftrep+1 Shift+1 d(i)=-1 No x(i)*y(i)

Studying, Travels and Fun in Denmark!

Studying, Travels and Fun in Denmark! We continue discussing the topic of studying abroad, as there is so much yet to say. Today our interviewee is Ally Flessel. She studies Biology and English at Bucknell University and went for a semester abroad to Denmark, Copenhagen. Did she get some other impressions from this country than our previous interviewees Judy Su and Ellen Wall? Lets find that out! Ally, you decided to aply for DIS program. Why? What major benefits of studying abroad did you see for yourself? Studying abroad is an amazing experience that I would not give up for anything else in my college career. First, it taught me how to adapt to new culture and new people. Such programs are filled with students from all over the US, so you need to learn how to step up and meet new people, even if they are American. Secondly, studying abroad motivated me to come back to college for my senior year with a level of energy many of my friends are missing. I was excited to be back at school and in a familiar environment with my friends I have not seen for over a year. I think it is also important for students to face real world problems away from the comforts of friends and family. Independence is one of the things I gained the most of abroad. I feel confident in my ability to take care of myself no matter what challenged I may face. By the way, Ally had a different situation with accomodation from the two previously interviewed students. She didnt rent a flat or live with a host family. Instead, she was living in  the largest DIS Residential Community with 110 other DIS students. Due to a roommate mix up she was living all by herself, so probably, she didnt face that annoying-roommate-makes-noise-and-I-cant-concentrate-on-studying kind of problem. Lets move on straight to your studying. What courses did you take in Denmark? I had Immunology (for my Biology major at Bucknell), Hans Christian Anderson Literature, Sociology of the Family, and Danish Language. I was also in the Medical Practices and Policies (MPP) Core. So you took a challenge to learn Danish? Did you have a chance to practice in live conversations with Danes? Danish classes were great and absolutely enhanced my experience. However, everyone in Copenhagen speaks English! For example, when my classmates and I would try to practice our Danish and order coffee the baristas would always respond in English. Danes are not accustomed to foreigners trying to learn their language so they are not very good at understanding accents and typically switch to English if they encounter this. And you didnt feel the language barrier? There were only two times when not knowing Danish was burdensome. First, when I was with my Danish visiting family. I would not be able to follow along in conversations they were having; usually they spoke English because I was around, but once in a while I had to follow stories based off of body language. And second was eading the signs.All of them are in Danish and asking someone to meet you at a location you cannot pronounce is pretty tricky. What kind of writing assignments did you get? What were the most interesting topics? I had an English course on Hans Christian Andersen so I wrote a paper about his works. I also took a course called Sociology of the Family and wrote a paper about different family structures. Have you noticed the difference between US and Danish education systems? Of course, there are some differences. In Denmark, taxes cover education costs, and once turning 18 students are actually paid to attend school. Teenagers attend â€Å"high school† until approximately age 19. Often students take a gap year (or two) before starting at University. The biggest difference I learned about was the specificity of education in University. While I attend a liberal arts college and could have any major before applying to medical school, in Denmark students apply to university as medical students and begin studying to be a doctor right away. The students stressed that it is important to know what one wants to do prior to starting University because the education is very specific compared to the US norm. Another big difference is the language requirement. Students begin taking English in the 2nd grade and continue taking it throughout their â€Å"undergraduate† career. They also pick up either French or German around 7th grade. And what about free time? How do Danish students spend it? The Danish students I knew spent their time at school, after school activities, such as sports, and at jobs. They were all really busy during the week and did not have much free time. When they did they usually hung out with their friends and went out to clubs or parties. What about your free time? Did you lack it as well when studying in Denmark? Very much the other way, a major challenge for me was having a lot of free time and not knowing how to use it. My housing was outside of the center of Copenhagen, so as I got more comfortable with the city I began exploring my local area after classes. It is challenging to meet new people and ask them to explore with you when you first arrive in a new place. The most memorable moments of your Denmark life period The most memorable moment of my time in Denmark was with my visiting family. The youngest son had turned 13 and I went to an amusement park with their family for the day to celebrate. After visiting the park we went to their cousin’s house for dinner. There were three different families with children of all ages, so after dinner we sat down and watched a movie on netflix. I picked out White Chicks because no one had seen it and I thought the teenagers would enjoy it. What was most memorable was how we actually watched the movie: A few minutes into the movie I realized that although the older children were all fluent in English, and the film had Danish subtitles, the youngest children did not yet know how to read, or at least read quickly enough to watch a movie via subtitles. The 16 year old daughter read the subtitles out loud for the entire film so that her younger cousins could understand what was happening. I realized how lucky I am to have movies readily available to me and easily accessible to all English speakers. I was amazed at how complex watching a movie as a family could be. Your advice for the students who want to study abroad I would advise trying to immerse yourself into the culture as much as possible. I was nervous about doing a homestay and never really pursued meeting Danes my age. Taking Danish and meeting with my visiting family once a week completely made my experience, so I can only imagine how much more I would have gotten out of my experience had I dug slightly deeper into the culture. Are you ready to follow the advice of our charming interviewee and consider studying abroad? Or maybe you have any questions to ask? Write comments and share your opinions here!

ARGUMENTATIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENTATIVE - Essay Example Recently a man took out a billboard saying his ex-girlfriend was a murderer for aborting his child. The man had no legal recourse to make his ex-girlfriend to carry his child to term. Fathers have no say in whether a child can be born or aborted. If a woman decides to have a child, the man is stuck paying child support. This is considered to be his responsibility for creating a child. Men that do not want a child cannot request for their mate to have an abortion. They are stuck with the child. It is considered that the man played he should pay. Women are not held to the same standard. If a woman plays, she can abort the child and not pay. This does not seem fair. Another aspect of this issue is because a woman can decide what to do with her body she can drink, take drugs, or have an unhealthy lifestyle. If a baby is born on crack, has birth a defect due to drugs or alcohol, or other problems, the man still has to pay. A man with a good job, health insurance, or money will have to fund the child for life. The woman’s decision will dictate the man’s finances and time without his input. The baby will also either go directly into the man’s custody or state custody. The man will have no choice in the matter. Birth defects can also be another issue. If a woman wants to abort a Down syndrome baby, a baby with heart problems, or other defects the man has no choice. However, if the woman decides to have the baby, the man once again has to pay. A woman choses whether or not to bring an afflicted baby into the world. One way to rectify this injustice is to allow men to have an input on abortions. This solution is not viable. The Supreme Court ruling in ‘Roe vs. Wade’ made clear that a woman’s body is her own. A man cannot force a woman to carry his child. This is not medieval times. A man having input into an abortion is not legal under the law. It probably would not become legal. This solution would not work. Another solution would be to

Pricing of derivatives on mean-reverting assets. Are stock prices and Essay

Pricing of derivatives on mean-reverting assets. Are stock prices and returns are mean reverting or not - Essay Example 15 3.6 Data Analysis Methods †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 3.7 Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 CHAPTER 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 FIGURES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 4.1 Definition of mean reversion stock prices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 4.2 Permanent and transitory price com ponents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 4.3 Properties of multi-period returns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 18 4.4 One-period returns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦..†¦. 19 4.5 Multi-period returns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 4.6 Higher-order AR model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 22 4.7 The relation between mean reversion and covariance stationary †¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 23 CHAPTER 5 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 5. Mean reversion and mean-variance efficient portfolios †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 5.1 Outline †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 5.1.1 Expected returns and volatilities of stocks and bonds †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 25 5.1.2 Correlation between stock and bond returns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 5.1.3 Risk-free yield curve †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 5.1.4 Variance ratio of permanent and transitory returns †¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 5.2 The role of the variance ratio... Although the mean-reverting price process defined later by Equations (1), (2), and (3) may seem restrictive, they are more general than is apparent at first sight. This generality explains the model’s suitability as a tool for describing the mean reverting behavior of stock prices. To allow the price process to be consistent with the efficient market hypothesis, the random walk should lie nested in the specification for the stock price (Frankel, 1995, 140). This explains why the permanent price component in the first equation lies chosen to be a random walk. The price process in Equation (1) follows a random walk for à ¸= one, but deviates from the efficient market hypothesis for zero A seemingly more general specification defines zt with regard to the first equation as a covariance-stationary, mean-reverting process with mean 0.But every covariance stationary series can stand written as a moving average (MA) process of infinite order. If the MA process is invertible, it can be written as an AR process of infinite order, which brings us one-step closer to our AR (1) process. The only restrictive aspect of the first-order AR process is its order. We may therefore want to consider a generalization of the previously considered mean reverting price process by relaxing the assumption of a first order AR process for the transitory price component. Instead of an AR (1) process we could assume an AR (p) process as approximation of an AR process of infinite order, for any p= one, 2†¦ (Bekaert, 1999, 65).

Creatine Supplementation Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks Biology Essay

Creatine Supplementation Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks Biology Essay Creatine is a nitrogen based organic compound that is naturally synthesised in the body by the kidney, liver and pancreas. Over the past 2 decades creatine, usually in the form of creatine monohydrate, has become one of the most popular ergogenic aids used by amateur and professional athletes alike. A 2001 study involving over 600 high school students completing who completed surveys regarding the use of creatine. Over 75% of students had knowledge of creatine and its uses, 16% of whom admitted to using creatine as an ergogenic aid to improve athletic performance (Tracy et al,2001). Creatine combines with a phosphate to form phosphocreatine which is a vital way in which cells are able to store energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is via the reversible creatine kinase reaction, so called as it is catalysed by the enzyme creatine kinase (Sweeney, 1994). Creatine monohydrate supplements are most beneficial in short duration, high intensity exercises lasting less than 30 seconds. The phosphocreatine is broken down to its constituent elements and ATP is resynthesised allowing for improved muscular performance. Taking creatine as a sports supplement is beneficial because it increases the total amount of phosphocreatine stored in resting muscle cells allowing for greater ATP resynthesis in intense activities. As well as being a commonly used sports supplement creatine is a widely researched compound due to its potential benefits in various areas of medicine. Studies have suggested that creatine may provide neuroprotective benefits, often via a similar mechanism, by delaying the onset of motor symptoms and improving survival rates in conditions such as Huntingtons disease and Parkinsons disease (Wyss and Schulze, 2002). Creatine has also proven its benefits in other neuromuscular diseases where muscular dystrophy is common by improving strength of muscular contractions in key muscles used in everyday exercises such as walking and lifting (Kreider, 1 998) . Some research has led scientists to believe that creatine plays a role in atherosclerotic protection against cardiovascular based conditions (Wyss and Schulze, 2002). This might be caused by oral creatine supplementation decreasing levels of the amino acid homocysteine in the blood plasma. Homocysteine is a commonly known risk factor for atherosclerotic disease so this may be the reason creatine can offer atherosclerotic protection. There are risks associated with using creatine as a supplement which could be as minor as trouble with acne or muscular cramping to renal dysfunction or even failure. This is a controversial area with opinions often split on whether creatine does cause renal disorders as there are many studies done concluding opposing outcomes. Further research needs to be done into this area to fully assess the risk factor for using creatine as many of the studies have been relatively short term in their nature. What is creatine? Creatine is a nitrogen based organic compound that is most commonly associated with sports supplementation. It is believed to have been first identified by a French chemist named Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1835 (Hultman et al,1996). Chevreul was able to identify the presence of creatine in a meat extract. The compound is not generally regarded a protein but is made up of 3 amino acids and consists of 32% nitrogen (Poortmans and Francaux, 1999). The chemical structure of creatine can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1 Chemical Structure of Creatine The figure shows the chemical structure of creatine. The molecular formula of creatine is C4H9N3O2. The amino acids found in creatine are arginine, glycine and methinione. Over the past twenty years creatine has become one of the most popular ergogenic aids taken in the world of sport . An ergogenic aid is defined as any means of enhancing energy utilisation, including energy production, control and efficiency (Silver,2001). It is now known that increasing the amount of dietary creatine available leads to an increase in total muscle creatine [TCr]. As well as this, there is also evidence that both total intramuscular creatine increases levels rise as well as levels of phosphocreatine [PCr] (Martini,2006). During intense exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to creatine and inorganic phosphate (combines with ADP to form ATP) which is the fastest source for the re-synthesis of ATP molecules during the first 10 seconds of high intensity exercise (Mougois,2006). As intense exercise continues and phosphocreatine stores become depleted, ATP is not resynthesised at the same rate and performance levels drop. This is where evidence suggests that creatine can help to increase performance by delaying the inevitable depletion of phosphocreatine stores. Creatine, as a sports supplement, has only been shown to be beneficial during such short duration exercises. These range from sprinting to power lifting so an array of athletes take advantage of the compound including sprinters, rugby players and weight lifters. Creatine is synthesised naturally in the body but only at a rate of 1 to 2 grams per day (McArdle, 2009). This takes place primarily in the liver, pancreas and kidneys. It is therefore im portant to eat foods rich in creatine as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Such foods include poultry and fish which contain around 5g of creatine per kg of food weight (McArdle, 2006). Approximately half of the creatine used by the body is replaced through the diet with the other half replaced via endogenous synthesis. Approximately 95% of stored creatine is found in skeletal muscle (Spillane et al,2009). As only meat foods contain creatine it is often difficult for vegetarians to obtain ample exogenous creatine via the diet. As a sports supplement, creatine is usually taken in the form of creatine monohydrate (CrH2O). Creatine monohydrate is taken in either capsule or powder form and, nowadays, is readily available online and in high street shops (Kreiber, 1998). When did creatine become popular? Creatine first came into the public eye after the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Linford Christie, who won the Gold medal in the 100m event, admitted to taking creatine monohydrate supplements during his training program. The International Olympic Committee does not consider creatine an illegal substance so athletes are free to take it. 30% of high school athletes admitted to using it with the figure for both professional and college athletes is higher still. In terms of nutritional supplementation net annual sales of creatine are nearly 500 million dollars in the USA alone (Metzl et al, 2001) making it the most popular ergogenic aid used legally. In 2004, a new form of creatine supplementation was introduced to the market called creatine ethyl ester. This is now a very commonly used form of the supplement. It is said to be beneficial due to increased absorption rates compared with standard creatine monohydrate. However, studies have also shown that there is no advantage to be gained from taking creatine ethyl ester (Figure 2) compared with regular creatine monohydrate supplements (Spillane et al,2009). The study focused on claims that using the revolutionary creatine ethyl ester increases the bio-availability of creatine allowing for greater gains in performace. Subjects were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to either a creatine ethyl ester group, a creatine monohydrate group or a maltodextrose placebo group. During the investigation both the creatine monohydrate subjects and the creatine ethyl ester subjects observed improvements in both muscle strength and muscle power but there was little difference recorded between the two creatine based groups. The authors were able to conclude that despite claims, creatine ethyl ester provides no benefits, as a sports supplement, compared with creatine monohydrate (Spillane et al,2009) Figure 2 Creatine ethyl ester As can clearly be seen from the diagram the chemical structure of creatine ethyl ester is slightly different to that of creatine. The molecular formula is C6H13N3O2. How to take creatine? Creatine monohydrate is widely available and is usually found in powder or capsule form. Unlike many protein supplements creatine is not usually flavoured and is just mixed with water. When starting to take creatine as a supplement the athlete must first undergo the loading phase which usually lasts no more than a week. This is necessary to elevate intramuscular levels of creatine phosphate and involves taking 5 grams of creatine 4 times a day. Taking 20g a day elevates both free creatine and creatine phosphate levels by between 10 and 30% (McArdle,2009). The short term mass gains experienced by users of creatine are likely to be primarily caused by water retention. Users of creatine should limit their caffeine intake because it is now well known that caffeine counteracts the ergogenic benefits that the substance provides. In 1996 a Belgian study concluded caffeine has the ability to completely eliminate the ergogenic benefit of creatine supplementation (Vandenberghe et al, 1996). Th erefore it is vital that athletes who use creatine limit their caffeine intake to a minimum if not exclude caffeine containing drinks from their diet all together to prevent the impact of the supplement being inhibited. It has also been proven that caffeine intake prolongs muscle relaxation time, therefore opposing the action of the creatine which is able to shorten muscular relaxation time (Hespel,2002). Does creatine possess other benefits? As well as the much documented use of creatine as a sports supplement, the compound is the basis of intense, scientific research with regards to its possible benefits in other areas. Among these is the potential use of creatine to protect against both neurological and atherosclerotic disease. It is thought that creatine administration may be beneficial in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by increasing muscle mass (Fuld et al, 2005). Creatine supplementation displayed neuroprotective effects in various animal models of both Huntingtons and Parkinsons disease (Wyss and Schulze, 2002) as well as in McArdles disease (Vorgerd et al,2000). Also in this paper, the authors looked into atherosclerotic protection which may be provided by creatine by lowering the concentration, in the blood, of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine has previously been identified as an atherosclerotic risk factor. A 2002 study focused primarily on the effects creatine had on transgenic animal m odels of Huntingtons disease. Again, this study found creatine to be beneficial in that survival rates increased and delayed the development of motor symptoms associated with the condition (Andreassen et al, 2001). Much research has focused on the possibility of creatine supplementation increasing strength and power in neuromuscular disease patients who often suffer with muscular dystrophy (Tarnospolsky and Martin,1999) . Handgrip and body weight, as well as other measures, were taken and showed significant improvement after the course of supplementation. As well as the potential neuroprotective benefits of creatine, research has also taken place to find other advantages of the creatine compound. Sullivan et al, for example found that creatine can help provide protection against traumatic brain injury (Sullivan et al, 2001). However, this evidence was only gathered using transgenic mice models so further and more extensive studies need to be conducted. Animal models were used during the study and post chronic administration of creatine cortical damage to the mice was reduced by as much as 50%. The potential use of creatine as a form of treatment in Huntingdons disease is revolutionary and vitally important. This is because there is no current effective treatment for the condition so all forms of potential therapy must be explored. A study in 2000 looked into whether, by increasing phosphocreatine levels, creatine could be administered to Hutingdons disease sufferers. Although there has been little research into the matter, there is a possibility that creatine supplementation can influence bone biology (Candow and Chilibeck,2010). Resistance training alone has previously shown to be beneficial, especially to the elderly to help reduce bone loss which in turn decreases the likelihood of bone fractures. Long term creatine supplementation, possibly coupled with resistance training may be a future method in helping to maintain bone structure and reduce the risk of falls and injuries (Candow and Chilbeck,2010). As well as this the aging process is also responsible for sarcopenia which is essentially a reduction in muscle mass resulting in decreased muscle function and muscle weakness (Evans,1995) (Tarnopolsky and Safdar,2008). Creatine supplementation, combined with resistance training may be able to reduce muscle wastage and increase muscular hypertrophy (Dalbo et al,2009). This is believed to be due to the activation of satellite cells. These were first discovered in 1961 during microscopic studies of muscle fibre tissue (Mauro,1961). Since then much information has been obtained as to their function. Satellite cells are believed to function as progenitor cells to the myofibre nuclei which are involved in muscle cell growth (Campion,1984). Muscle fibres are not able to divide, so new muscle fibres are formed through the division of satellite cells. This contributes to the ability of skeletal muscle tissue to repair itself following an injury (Martini,2006). Are there any risks to taking creatine in the long term? Despite the various benefits I have described creatine does have its critics. Numerous studies have focused on the worrying link between its use and renal dysfunction or even complete renal failure. In particular a study by Pritchard and Kalra concluded that creatine had been the underlying factor which led to renal dysfunction in their subject (Pritchard and Kalra,1998) . This was thought to be due largely to the fact that creatine is degraded to creatinine prior to excretion in the urine. This led to further studies on the issue but there is still no definitive answer as to whether the use of creatine as a supplement contributes to renal dysfunction. Another study by Thorsteinsdottir et al in 2006 focused on the alarming case of a healthy 24 year old who was diagnosed with acute renal failure while taking several dietary supplements, including creatine monohydrate. For example, a paper by Poortmans and Francaux (1998) looked into the findings from the Pritchard paper by supplementi ng subjects for as long as 5 years. They found no link whatsoever between the use of creatine and impaired renal function. The same paper also found there to be no impact on blood pressure either. Despite this it is generally accepted that those suffering with renal disorders should refrain from the use of the supplement. While use of creatine as a supplement for a period up to 8 weeks has shown no detrimental health effects, further work must be done to investigate any long term health implications which may arise. Studies focusing on creatine supplementation in endurance athletes have sometimes found that taking the substance could actually inhibit performance. This is thought to be due to the weight gain sometimes attributed to the use of creatine (Balsom et al,1994). There have also been numerous links between creatine supplementation and increases in acne, especially among adolescent athletes which could be another factor in a performer choosing to avoid supplementation. Creati ne use has been linked with outbreaks of acne especially among adolescents. A study by Kaymak in 2008 concluded that between 15-20% of subjects treated had high blood plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase. A clinical report by Landau et al in 2001 also produced similar results with up to 51% of patients being treated with isotretinoin having elevated blood creatine kinase levels. As creatine use became more prominent links began to be forged that the person taking the supplement could be more prone to muscular cramping and spasms, particularly during exercise (Poortmans,2000). However, there is also evidence to the contrary. In 2001 a study was carried out using 26 athletes from various sports (Schilling et al, 2001) . Although the authors focused on the long term clinical markers of creatine use they were able to conclude that there was no increased risk of muscular cramping through use of the supplement. These findings were backed up in 2003 when a paper was published following a 3 year study using elite college athletes (Greenwood et al, 2003). The data was collected between 1998 and 2000 and the authors looked into whether creatine use had any affect over the rate of muscular cramping and injury. Their results showed no significant difference between the placebo group and the creatine taking group allowing them to conclude that creatine had no effect over cramping rate. Similiar conclusions were made in a study by Dalbo et al(2008). Although the majority of evidence gathered suggests that using creatine monohydrate as a nutritional supplement does lead to performance improvements in high intensity, short duration exercise there is some evidence to the contrary. A 1995 study concluded that there is no benefit to using creatine during short term, high intensity bicycle riding (Cooke et al,1995). There was no difference between the power output of the control group compared with the group who had taken the supplement. These findings are interesting due to the large amount of research which concluded that creatine supplementation was advantageous during this manner of exercise. Creatine and endurance events Most of the evidence gathered has suggested that creatine is only beneficial in short, power based activities and has no known advantages with regards to endurance events. This is partly thought to be due to the weight gain attributed to creatine supplementation due to water retention. However in 2004 a novel experiment was conducted which investigated the potential use of creatine to reduce inflammatory and muscle soreness markers during a 30km bicycle race (Santos et al,2004) . The markers the scientists measured were creatine kinase (CK), lacate dehydrogenase (LDH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The subjects used were all experienced road runners whose personal best times for a marathon distance ranged from 2.5 to 3 hours. The subjects undertook the standard creatine loading phase, as well as a small dose of maltodextrin, in the fortnight leading up to the race. Maltodextrin is a commonly used food additive that is used in both the creatine subjects and the placebo subjects so there is no difference in the flavour of the compounds taken. Santos et al found that, in their subject s, the markers of muscle soreness were significantly higher in the control group (who took maltodextrine but not creatine) than in those who had taken creatine. This implies that although creatine has not yet to prove any performance benefits during endurance events it may be beneficial in reducing soreness and improving recovery post exercise by reducing cell damage (Santos, R et al, 2004). In this project I will look into the array of benefits creatine can provide as well as investigating its negative aspects. I then hope to conclude in what situations the benefits outweigh the potential risks as well as where the risk factor may be too high to warrant using the substance. Creatine as a sports supplement As I have already mentioned, it is now known that creatine monohydrate supplements work by increasing the total amount of phosphocreatine available to resting muscle cells. During intense exercise this is broken down to its constituent elements (Phosphate and creatine) and the energy released is used to drive the re-synthesis of ATP, the universal energy currency (Kreider, RB, 1998). As only a very small amount (approximately 2g per day) is synthesised naturally by the liver, pancreas and kidneys extra phosphocreatine in the muscle cells serves to reduce fatigue during high intensity, short duration activities like sprinting. A study by Kerksick et al in 2007 investigated the impact of various different protein sources and creatine on the human body following a 12 weeks high intensity resistance program. 49 subjects were used who regularly attended the gym to carry out weight lifting exercises. Some subjects were administered with a colostrum protein blend, which is formed from the mild delivered by cows in the days following giving birth. Other subjects were given colostrums combined with creatine administration. A protein control group was put in place and Kerksick et al predicted that the inclusion of creatine with the colostrums blend would bring about greater improvements in both body composition and power than those taking colostrum alone. The resistance training program led to mass gains for all subjects but the greatest lean mass gains were achieved by those taking a blend of creatine and colostrums protein. However, there was no significant improvement in subjects one repetition maximum on the be nch press between the protein control group, the c colostrum group or the colostrums/creatine group. Due to the increased availability of phosphocreatine it would have been predicted that the colostrum/creatine group would have achieved the greatest improvements in this exercise over the 12 week study. In some cases as little as one week of supplementation can be enough to produce performance improvements (Volek et al,1997). Volek used 14 active, male subjects in a double blind fashion where 7 where unknowingly the placebo group and 7 were administered with oral creatine monohydrate supplement. Bench press and squat jumps were the chosen exercises to measure the effect of creatine on performance. As well as increases in the weight subjects could bench press, and increases in power output for the squat jumps there was also a noticeable increase in lean body mass among the subjects of up to 2.7 kg, possibly due to the water retention attributed to creatine use. Despite all the evidence which has been gathered implying that creatine does play a role in helping enhance ATP resynthesis during short term, high intensity exercises there is some evidence to the contrary. In particular a paper by Cooke et al in 1995 concluded that their subjects had experienced no benefit whatsoever to using the supplement for their high intensity, intermittent bicycle sprints. The authors focused primarily on the power output the subjects were able to exert as well as fatigue levels experienced. 12 healthy yet untrained male subjects were used for the study, 6 of which were the placebo group with the other 6 making up the supplemented group. The supplemented subjects used the loading phase technique to increase the levels of phosphocreatine in resting muscle cells faster, but the phase only lasted for 5 days. This may have been too short a period of time to load them as most manufacturers suggest a 2 week loading phase. However, as I have mentioned Volek et al, 1 997 found performance improvements could occur in as little as a week. Cooke et al found there to be no significant difference between the power output between the two groups, prior to or after the supplementation period. This led the authors to conclude that use of creatine as an ergogenic aid has no positive effect over a persons ability to exert more power in muscular contraction, which opposes much of the evidence gathered in other studies. Creatine and its neuroprotective effects In some studies creatine has demonstrated neuroprotective effects. In some animal models creatine has provided neurological protection against the onset of symptoms in both Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease (Wyss and Schulze,2002). There are three main steps involved in creatine metabolism with one being creatine transporter. The others are, firstly, AGAT which is L-arginine :glycine amidinotransferase. This forms precursors to the creatine molecule itself. Also, GAMT is involved in the biosynthesis of creatine molecules. Deficiency of either AGAT or GAMT leads to a deficiency in both creatine and phosphocreatine in the brain, which can lead to severe mental retardation (Schutz and Stockler, 2007). In the studies carried out by Wyss and Schulze there was a noticeable improvement in clinical symptoms of both AGAT and GAMT deficiencies but there was no change with the creatine transporter disorders. Dechent et al, 1999 also found that oral creatine monohydrate supplementation also inc reased creatine levels in the brain. Furthermore, in transgenic mouse models of Huntingtons disease, creatine administration has shown to improve survival rates, as well as prevent the inevitable onset of symptoms. (Andreassen et al,2001). This was concluded to be via a similar method to how creatine operates as an ergogenic aid, but by increasing phosphocreatine levels in the brain, rather than in muscle cells. A minimal dietary administration, of just 2% creatine was enough to provide positive results in the study and provide neurological protection. Huntingtons disease is often associated with loss in weight and the creatine presence also helped to minimise weight loss in the animal subjects. In 2002 a revolutionary study was carried out by Jacobs et al into the possibility of using oral creatine monohydrate to assist the recovery of patients with spinal cord injuries at the cervical vertebrae level. Sixteen subjects were used for the study who had suffered injuries between the C5 and C7 vertebrae. Results showed that VO2 max, VCO2 max, and time to fatigue were all greater in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group and Jacobs concluded that there is definite benefit in using creatine to assist with training in the rehabilitation of such severe spinal injuries. This again demonstrates the potential uses that creatine supplementation has in providing neurological protection and rehabilitation. Creatine supplementation may also be beneficial in patients suffering with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Rosenfeld, 2008). This is a neurodegenerative progressive disorder which is characterised by muscular dystrophy and can be fatal. An advantage of this trial was the large sample size, which was over 100 subjects. While creatine did not significantly improve motor or respiratory capacity there was a definitive trend toward increased survival rates among the creatine supplemented subject group. Rosenfeld called for further research to be considered into the increases survival rates that were linked to the use of creatine. Creatine and renal failure It has been predicted that a long term nitrogen rich diet lends itself to cause both structural and functional deformities of the kidney and may eventually cause renal hyperfiltration (Poortmans and Francaux,1999). Due to the high nitrogen content of creatine much research has been done into whether there is a long term danger to using the supplement. In 1998 a rather controversial paper was published by Pritchard and Kalra which researched into the possible links between use of creatine as a sports supplement, following the death of 3 American college wrestlers who were taking the substance. The article was published in the Lancet and became the topic of much debate in years to come. Pritchard and Kalra concluded that there was strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that creatine was responsible for the deterioration in renal function (Pritchard and Kalra,1998). The subject suffered with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis but despite this all markers of renal function were normal, such as creatinine clearance values. However, when the 25 year old subject was studied 8 years later creatinine clearance had decreased considerably. The male admitted to using creatine based supplements during a pre season football training program which Pritchard and Kalra felt was an underlying factor in the deterioration in the mans renal functio ning. This paper was a topic for much debate, due largely to the fact that the patient investigated by Pritchard and Kalra had underlying renal issues prior to the study, which the authors seem to ignore in their conclusions. The size of the study is also questionable due to the fact that there was only a sole participant therefore no a repeat or variety in results taken. There were also just 4 references noted at the end of the article suggesting that Pritchard and Kalra may not have taken into full account all other evidence that had been obtained by other studies. Due to the ever increasing popularity of creatine supplementation, along with its continued link with renal failure there have been a vast number of studies in this area. A study by Edmunds et al in 2000 focused on the progression of renal disease in Han:Sprague-Dawley (SPRD) rat models with cystic kidney disease. The rats undertook the loading phase of supplementation which I described in the introduction. This is the same technique used in humans to increase the amount of free phosphocreatine. Obviously, the intake of creatine was reduced, in comparison with humans, to 2g/kg of diet for the one week loading phase, followed by a 5 week period where the dosage administered was 0.4g/kg of diet to compare. The authors measured the progression of renal disease my taking kidney size records as well as determining cyst scores. The cysts often develop in chronic cases where the cysts grow and inhibit the blood filtering capabilities of the organ (Parker,2007).Edmunds hypothesis stated that due to the relatively short life span of the animals used, any impact that creatine supplementation has on renal function could be more readily detected. The findings supported this hypothesis as the rats that had been administered with creatine suffered greater renal disease progression than the control group. The kidney sizes were as much as 10% larger, in some cases, than the control group which is an indicator of further progression of the condition. The creatine was administered in a creatine/glutamine mixture which supplement manufacturers often do as glutamine is believed to significantly improve absorption of creatine. As expected all other markers of renal function agreed with the hypothesis. Creatinine serum clearance was 23% lower in the supplemented group and cyst scored were 23% greater compared with the control group. At the time of Edmunds paper there had still not been a long term controlled study into the effect creatine supplementation may have on renal function. Although the findings seem conclusive I feel it is important to consider that animal models were used as oppose to humans, although this was partially due to the time restrictions. Also the sample sizes are adequate but by no means large with 14 males and just 12 females making up the creatine supplemented groups. As well as this the length of the study is quite short with the supplementing period lasting 6 weeks in total. Therefore it remains unclear as to the long term risks that can be associated with creatine and renal issues. In spite of this, the paper exacerbates the advice that athletes with any form of renal condition should avoid using creatine as an ergogenic aid. In contrast there numerous studies have taken place which have focused on the potential link between creatine and renal disorders and concluded that there is no health risk to taking the substance. In 1999, Poortmans and Francaux conducted a long term study on the issue. This was important because some of the investigations done around this time were short term and didnt account for the potential long term health risks, if creatine were to be taken over a substantial period of time. Poortmans and Francaux refer to the controversial Lancet publication by Pritchard and Kalra in their introduction and used this to form their hypothesis that short and medium term creatine supplementation in men does not have any detrimental e

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Essay

According to Hood (as cited in Agnes, 2005) â€Å"Leadership is defined as a process of influencing others or guiding or directing others to attain mutually agreed upon goals† (p. 457). This paper will describe four different leadership styles, and the effectiveness of each style as dependent upon the situation. Review of the Professional Nursing Literature All nurses are leaders but may not recognize the different types of leadership or traits of an effective leader (Sims, 2009). There are four leadership styles to consider, the first one is autocratic or authoritarian. The autocratic leader is someone who usually needs to dominate others. The autocratic approach is often one-sided and the leader is likely attempting to achieve a single goal or objective (Sims, 2009). Autocratic leadership is a behavior in which a leader makes choices with no involvement from any peers, regardless if those ideas are better suited for the organization. This type of leader requires constant pressure and direction to get the task done. This type of leader provides clear expectations for what, when, and how a process should be done without consulting employees. Organizations that have this type of leader tend to see a high turn-over of employees and absenteeism for the simple fact that employees don’t feel valued. This approach would not be the way to get the best performance from the team. The implementation of this style of leadership could be used in a situation where an immediate decision needs to be made such as a crisis in an emergency room. The second leadership style is democratic or participative. This style is one that encourages employees to be a part of the decision making process. This type of leader keeps employees informed about everything that affects the work being done, and shares in the problem solving situation. A drawback of this type of leader is that the leader could be viewed as not being able to make a decision; therefore, the employees may not respect this style and view this leader as not being a true leader. The democratic leader uses the team approach and is the coach in the process, but has the final say when the group comes to a consensus. Implementation of a democratic leadership style can best be executed in a situation where a process or practice change is needed, such as documentation on electronic medical records. With this leadership style the leader can get staff ideas and suggestions for a smooth transition to the change. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving team members, but it also helps to develop people’s skills. This method inspires a group effort, but it can take lots of time for the leader to develop and come to an end to the topic at hand (Sims, 2009). The leader may spend a lot of time in discussions, sending emails, or scheduling meetings. This leader may be happy to do this to see that staff are working together to achieve a better outcome, but it can also be a time-consuming process. A good democratic leader encourages staff participation, is supportive, but never loses sight that the leader is the one responsible for the final decision. This leader must accept that the outcome may turn out differently than originally planned. Transactional leadership is the third style, and is one where the leader focuses on the day to day tasks of the team, and makes sure that the work is completed. Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a true leader style, because the focus is on short-term tasks. Transactional leaders set a goal, provide directions, and then reward the employee if performance is met at an acceptable level (McGuire & Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leadership style can best be used when a state survey is taking place and if successful, then reward will be given to the employees. These leaders use this style to get the desired outcomes. Transactional leaders give tasks to be done by the employee, and if it’s done wrong then the employee is accountable. If the task is completed to this leader’s standard, then the employee is rewarded. This type of leader doesn’t focus on the staff’s needs, or personal development, instead the staff must adhere to what the leader wants. Transactional leaders often work under the assumption that if everything is working fine, then there is no need to fix anything. Under this type of leader, there is no interest in change, and the employee will not feel any job satisfaction. The fourth leadership style is the transformational leader. This style of leadership is one that’s very appropriate in many corporate situations because of the wide range of abilities and approaches that are drawn upon. This style focuses on the leader and the employee working together for a common goal. This type of leader has a vision for the organization, and inspires employees to solve problems creatively in a way that provides support and encouragement without diminishing the nursing role (Kleinman, 2004). Transformational leaders have several traits that inspire the employee to utilize the strengths to improve the team, have better staff satisfaction, and reduce stress (Weberg, 2010). Transformational leaders are coaches, or mentors; they show respect, have empathy, and utilize individual leader skills to promote change. These leaders are very energetic and passionate about the job, and concerned about all staff in succeeding. These leaders set good examples, clear goals, and recognizes good work from the team. Transformational leaders should remain a part of the team and share in the work load to better understand the team’s viewpoint. With this leader style, there is a higher level of committed employees, reduced stress, and increased morale (Dunham & Klafehn, 1990). This in turn creates an employee who will provide a positive outlook when change is taking place and increases employee job satisfaction. Application of Clinical Example A clinical example of when transformational leader style would work best is when an organization is going through a change process, such as the way report is given. Transformational leaders motivate staff to work towards a greater good and create a positive change (Dunham & Klafehn, 1990). Many nurses don’t like change in the way care is provided, but when it’s important for patient safety change is inevitable.

Symbolism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant - 942 Words

In 1936, George Orwell, a prominent British novelist and police officer in lower Burma published an essay titled â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†. In this essay Orwell argues that imperialism ruins both the oppressor and the oppressed. Orwell furthers this claim with rhetorical devices to legitimize his work. Orwell uses sympathy to evoke feelings in the reader that are relatable, such as him working for something he does not believe in. Orwell also applies his perspective throughout the whole essay to allow for his thoughts to influence the readers thoughts. The final strategy Orwell used is deductive reasoning in deciding whether to kill the elephant. All of these devices are used in order to develop the purpose for Orwell writing this†¦show more content†¦Being a leader of a decision puts some pressure on you in some sense. The natives all turned to Orwell to make a decision and he felt as if he was a puppet not able to follow what he believed was right. The use o f sympathy is well used in this piece because it allows the reader to feel attachment to elements of the story. This also relates to Orwells overall message by showing how imperialism is causing disharmony among British officers by some not believing it is effective. Orwell’s second strategy that he uses is his perspective in order to gain credibility and trust in his writing (Ethos). In the essay the Orwell explains, â€Å"in a job like this you see the dirty work of the empire at close quarters† (Orwell 1). This quote gives an inside view of what it was like witnessing imperialism firsthand. Orwells perspective shines a unique light on how people would view colonialism differently if they experienced it through his perspective. By him describing the inner workings of the British empire it made him more credible because he was experiencing the events and then relaying them to his audience. This is an effective method of this strategy because the reader is much more likely to believe first person accounts for events rather than someone writing about these actions from an outside perspective. This also shows how imperialism ruins the oppressor because Britain is carrying out unjust acts due to theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analy sis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1272 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† George Orwell, a journalist and an author of 1903 through 1950, is not only the author of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† but surprisingly, he is also the narrator and the main character. Orwell’s narrative essay of 1936 takes place in squalid, British-occupied Moulmein, lower Burma. To begin, in the opening of his piece, Orwell describes himself as a young, British police officer who, ironically, despises the British imperial project in BurmaRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 934 Words   |  4 Pages Elephant Conflict George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† highlights the issues involved with imperialism. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† retells the story of one of Orwell’s most memorable experiences in Burma. The majority of the story revolves around the conflict of whether or not an elephant should be killed or allowed to remain alive. Orwell masterfully intertwines symbolism, imagery and tone to create a story in which the reader is immersed in Orwell’s self-conflict, and led to the conclusion thatRead MoreAnalysis of George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay example1050 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of ‘Shooting an elephant’ Written by George Orwell Essay by Arthur Diennet In 1936, George Orwell published his short story ‘Shooting an elephant’ in an English magazine. Since then, it has been republished dozens of times and holds a place as a definitive anti-colonial piece of literature, in an era where the British Empire was at its peak and covered almost 1/3 of the Earth’s surface. George Orwell believed that â€Å"†¦imperialism was an evil thing...† and uses much themes, symbolism and ironyRead MoreShooting an Elephant840 Words   |  4 PagesDISCUSS ORWELLS USE OF PERSUASIVE TOOLS SUCH AS, SYMBOLISM, METAPHORS AND IRONY IN THIS ESSAY AND EXPLAIN HOW HE USES EACH OF THESE TO CONVEY HIS ARGUMENT OR MESSAGE In the extract, Shooting An Elephant Orwell conveys his message through the use of various persuasive tools. He wants the reader to identify when somebody assumes power. This technique is used to show that the powerful are also a captive to the will of people they control. Everyone involved in the situation becomes affected. InRead More George Orwells Writing Essay examples899 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Writing George Orwell is best known for his fiction writing, particularly Animal Farm and 1984. In Shooting an Elephant he demonstrates his talent in non-fiction writing. Not everyone was familiar with the way in which the British Imperial rule worked and Orwell uses his rhetorical language to bring the readers of his essay into the immediate world that was that of an imperial officer. Orwell?s essay is written in the first person perspective. This was done deliberatelyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1490 Words   |  6 PagesShooting an Elephant by George Orwell is a story about Orwell s experience as a police officer for the British Raj in frontier Burma. The exposition digs into an inward clash that Orwell encounters in his part of representing the British Empire and maintaining the law. At the opening of the narration, Orwell state, â€Å"Theoretically—and secretly, of course—I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell, 1) by doing this, he clears up that he is against the BritishRead MoreWar Is Peace, Freedom Is Slavery, Ignorance Is Strength2328 Words   |  10 Pagesthe citizens may act only by permission; which is the stage of the darkest periods of human history, the stage of rule by brute force† (Rand). Rand realized that a government with too much control would not be able to help but overreach. Although George Orwell di ed seven years prior to the publication of Ayn Rand’s most well known novel Atlas Shrugged, he held the same fear of an all-powerful government. Orwell felt that with the new technology appearing during his life and the ever-increasing power

People Should Perceive War As An Unnecessary Diplomatic

People should perceive war as an unnecessary diplomatic maneuver that simply scars all under its influence. The horrors of war are innumerable with each one determined to ruin the lives of soldiers, their families, and civilians. All Quiet on the Western Front displays this truth such that it awakens the most nationalistic warmonger. The barbarities of war can come in three forms: physical, mental, and through the aura of manipulation. The physical horrors include the gory combat wounds, the ghastly sights of corpses, blood, and annihilation, and the weapons created and utilized purely for harm. The mental horrors consist of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, the loss of innocence in young men, and animalization. Finally, the fact that†¦show more content†¦The weapons often caused inhumane suffering in both soldiers and civilians. Some include intoxicating mustard gas that gave victims a slow, painful death and shrapnel and explosives that would obliterate fighters to whe re one â€Å"could scrape them off the wall of the trench with a spoon and bury them in a mess-tin.†(128) Similar physical horrors are affecting both soldiers and civilians today, with the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. For example, Major Ben Richards was an intelligent military officer who suffered multiple concussions while fighting in Iraq. Upon coming home, his time of combat took a toll on him, giving him various ailments from fainting spells to relationship problems. Doctors later diagnosed him with traumatic brain injury. (Kristof) This comes to show how war still ruins lives for soldiers and their families today. War also traumatizes mere civilians in war zones. A heartbreaking example comes in the form of a five-year old boy named Omran Daqneesh. Just a few months ago, rescuers freed him from the rubble from an airstrike in Aleppo. (Kim) Covered in dust and blood, he was lucky to be alive as some of the other children with him passed away. (Kim) This best represents just some of the horrors civilians inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jimmy Carter s Presidency1440 Words   |  6 Pageslike he was too nice to be president. Although he was a strong diplomatic speaker, he lacked the assertive nature that prevented him from succeeding in foreign policy. That’s not to say he was without merit but situations such as the Iranian Hostage Crisis have left a permanent blemish on his political career. Carter was in no way a president who sought confrontation. 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Yang Fu of the East Han Dynasty (23-220 A.D.) made reference to the Nansha Islands in his book entitled Yiwu Zhi (Records of Rarities) , which reads: â€Å"Zhanghai qitou, shui qian er duo cishi†(â€Å"There are islets, sand cays, reefs and banks in the South China Sea, the water there is shallow and filled with magnetic rocks or stones†). Chinese people then called the South China Sea ZhanghaiRead MoreEssay about The Reagen and Bush Presidencies3038 Words   |  13 Pagesnever would. IMAGE, PERSONALITY, AND MEDIA RELATIONS It is almost universally agreed that Ronald Reagans greatest strength, certainly early in his first term and arguably until he left office was his ability to communicate with the American people. 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