The Ethics Of The Enron Collapse Of Enron s Bankruptcy

sprees, wild corporate â€Å"gatherings† became the norm. Employees who could not afford the lavish lifestyle created at Enron began to take a toll on them. Trying to keep up with the crowd, lower level employees found themselves maxing out their credit cards and putting themselves in debt. This created an environment that seemed to worry less about earning actual profits. According to Li (2010), shareholders and employees were told by Enron’s CEO the stock would probably rise but did not disclose he was selling his stock while telling everyone else to buy. Shareholders were completely unaware of the irregularities going on at Enron and were constantly lied to about the company’s actual health. Actually, employees were never told by any of Enron’s top management team, the true status of the company. Li (2010) stated not only until the investigation surrounding Enron’s bankruptcy enabled shareholders to learn of the CEO stock sell-off before February 14, 2002 which is when the sell-off would otherwise have been disclosed. However, the most damaging act was committed by the accounting firm Arthur Andersen. According to Li (2010), their reputation was damaged by their admission on January 10, 2002 that employees of the firm had destroyed documents and correspondence related to the Enron engagement. The shredding of documents was a clear admission of guilt which eventually caused Arthur Anderson to also file for bankruptcy. Auditor’s reputation is based on being reliable, honest, andShow MoreRelatedEnron : A Model Of The Innovative Company1684 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Enron began in July 1985, and its headquarters were in Houston. It started from a small regional energy supplier. 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Islam and Terrorism Free Essays

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Acknowledgement Chapter -1 1. 1Introduction Chapter-2 2. 1Islam 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 Muslim 2. 3 Concept Of Islam 2. 4 Pillars Of Islam 2. 5 Concept Of JIHAD In Islam Chapter-3 3. 1Terrorism 3. 2 Elements Of Terrorism 3. 3 Types Of Terrorism 3. 4 Terrorist? 3. 5 Al-Qaeda 3. 6 Another Phase Chapter-4 4. 1 Islam and terrorism Chapter-5 5. 1Different Incidents 5. 1 9/11 5. 2 The Madrid Bombing 5. 3 The London Bombing 5. 4 Bombay Attack Chapter-6 6. 1Conclusion CHAPTER-1 1. 1 INTRODUCTION: Terrorism is a very vast and the most discussed topic in the contemporary world of global politics. Although it was being discussed well before 9/11, but the difference after 9/11 is that now even a lay man in the most remote part of the world is discussing it. There were times when people would say that we do not follow politics  or we do not get involved in politics. But now I think no one can run away from it, it is a part of everybody’s lives, it is a part of our lives – so we better start living with it. Terrorism is an old phenomena it over the time took different shapes. Today terrorism has taken a very complicated and dangerous form. Islam is a religion and a complete code of life and totally appose terrorism. In current scenarios the basic reason of terrorism is not Islam but international politics and national interest of the nations of the world. And world powers use it as a supportive pillars. ‘‘Islam is not a source of terrorism but its solution’’ Here we discuss Islam and Terrorism and the present phenomena of so called Islamic terror. This is now days at the top of the international agenda. That is because those who emerge and carry out acts of terrorism in the name of Islam. And those who criticize these acts , represent a tiny minority in the world of Islam. Failing to understand Islam which is religion of peace and justice hey make it a tool of terrorism. In fact from the last few centuries Muslim have been said to be responsible for violence by western forces and their allies. And on the other hand Islam And on the other hand Islam rejects to respond to violence with violence. In fact Islam suggest to respond to evil with goodness. CHAPTER -2 2. 1 Islam What Does â€Å"Islam† Mean? The word â€Å"Islam† itself means â€Å"Submission to Allah. The religion of Islam is not named after a person as in the case of â€Å"Christianity† which was named after Jesus Christ, â€Å"Buddhism† after Gutama Buddha , â€Å"Marxism† after Karl Marx, and â€Å"Confucianism† after Confucius. Similarly, Islam is not named after a tribe like â€Å"Judaism† after the tribe of Judah and â€Å"Hinduism† after the Hindu s. The Arabic word â€Å"Islam† means the submission or surrender of one’s will to the will of the only true god worthy of worship, â€Å"Allah†. 2. 2 Muslim Anyone who does indeed submit to the will of Allah as required by Islam is termed a â€Å"Muslim,† which means one who has submitted to the will of Allah. Many people in the West have developed the sad misinformed trend of calling Islam â€Å"Muhammadenism† and it’s followers â€Å"Muhammadins. † This is a totally foreign word to Muslims and unrecognized by them. No Muslim has ever called his religion â€Å"Muhammadenism† or called himself a â€Å"Muhammadin. † 2. 3 Concept Of Islam: Islam teaches us that this life is a life of worship. We are placed on this earth in order to worship Allah and obey His command. During this earthly life we are subjected to a series of trials. We have the option of enduring these trials and conforming to certain laws, and our reward will be great in the next life, or we may decline to endure these trials and choose to not conform to the law, then we will be made to regret it in the next life. Unlike some other religions which claim that God entered in a covenant with a certain group of people and that this group is genetically better than all other human beings, or closer to God, Islam on the other hand teaches that no color, race, tribe, or lineage is better than any other. â€Å"O humankind! Verily! We have created you from a male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that you may know one another. Verily! the noblest among you in the sight of Allah is the most God-fearing. Verily! Allah is The Knower, The Aware. † The noble Qur’an, Al-Hujrat(49):13. 2. 4 Pillars Of Islam: (1) To bear witness that there is no entity worthy of worship except Allah(God) alone, and that Muhammad (pbuh) was His messenger. This establishes obedience to God Almighty alone. (2) To perform five prescribed prayers to God every day according to a specific prescribed method and at specific prescribed times. This continually reminds us to bear God in mind in all actions, either before or after any given prayer. (3) To pay two and a half percent (2. 5%) of ones wealth to charity every year if their savings exceed a certain minimum level which is considered above the poverty level. (This is the basic concept, the actual calculation is a little more complex). (4) To fast the month of Ramadhan (from the Islamic Lunar calendar) every year from sun rise until sunset. This involves not eating, drinking, or having marital relations, from sun rise until sun set. 5) To perform a pilgrimage to Makkah (in the Arabian Peninsula) once in a Muslim’s lifetime if it is financially possible and their health permits. During this period, Muslims come from all over the world to join together for six days in a prescribed set of acts of worship. All Muslim men are mandated to wear the same garment which was designed to be very plain, simple, and cheap to obtain. 2. 5 Concept Of JIHAD In Islam: in the Ar abic language the word â€Å"Jihad† literally means, â€Å"to strive,† and â€Å"to struggle. † Some Muslim scholars further classify Jihad into following categories: 1. Jihad-an-nafs or Jihad against one’s self; 2. Jihad ash-shaitaan or Jihad against Satan; 3. Jihad al-kuffar or Jihad against disbeliever; 4. Jihad al-munafiqeen or Jihad against hypocrites; 5. Jihad al-faasiqeen or Jihad against corrupt Muslims. Qur’an-(9:5):  Ã‚   â€Å"But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, And seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war) ; but if they repent (accept Islam) and establish regular prayers and practices regular charity then open the way for them; for God is oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. Qur’an-(8:65):   â€Å" O Apostle ! Rouse the believers to the fight, if there are twenty amongst you, patient and persevering , they will vanquish two hundred; if a hundred, they will vanquish a thousand of the unbelievers; for these are a people without understanding. † CHAPTER 3 3. 1 Terrorism: Acts of unlawful violence and war. Terrorism is no t a new phenomena, its is as old as creation of man. It came into existence when for the first time in the history of mankind someone intimidated others to gain his purpose. With the passage of time advancement in the methods and techniques made terrorism more complicated and artful. Terrorism is defined as a mean of extending intimidation in a systematic way by governments, groups or individuals to gain various political, religious and ideological objectives. The experts on terrorism agree that terrorism is a structure mode to spread violence and terrify people with purpose of gaining political, ideological and religious aims. 3. 2 Elements Of Terrorism: There are four elements of terrorism: ? Violence, force(83. 5%) ? Political(65%) ? Fear, emphasis on terror(51%) ? Threats(47%) ? Psychological effects and anticipated reaction(41. 5) ? Intentional, planned, systematic, organized action(32%) ? Methods of combat, strategy, tactics(30. 5%) 3. 3 Types Of Terrorism: ? Bio-Terrorism ? Chemical-Terrorism ? Cyber-Terrorism ? Nuclear-Terrorism ? Religious-Terrorism 3. 4 Terrorist? Terrorist are those group of people who commits acts of violence to produce fear, or harass or weaken or embarrass government security forces. Such groups discourage foreign investment, or assistance programs that can affect the target country’s economy. There are about 30 organization involve in terrorist activities throughout the world. Al-Qaeda is the main network of terrorist according to American think tank. 3. 5 Al-Qaeda After expulsion from Saudi Arabia, Osama bin Laden( leader of Al-Qaeda) established headquarters for al-Qaeda in Khartoum, Sudan. The first actions of al-Qaeda against American interests were attacks on U. S. servicemen in Somalia. Osama Bin Laden is on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation’s list of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives for his possible involvement with the circa 1998 bombings of the United States Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. 3. 6 Another Phase Some terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah have limited their acts to localized regions of the Middle East, while others, notably Al-Qaeda, have an international scope for their terrorist activities. Bombings An increasingly popular tactic used by terrorists is suicide bombing. This tactic is used against civilians, soldiers, and government officials of the regimes the terrorists oppose. The use of suicide bombers is seen by many Muslims as contradictory to Islam’s teachings;[weasel words] however, groups who support its use often refer to such attacks as â€Å"martyrdom perations† and the suicide-bombers who commit them as â€Å"martyrs† (Arabic: shuhada, plural of â€Å"shahid†). The bombers, and their sympathizers often believe that suicide bombers, as martyrs to the cause of jihad against the enemy, will receive the rewards of paradise for their actions. Suicide attack A suicide attack (also known as suicide bombing) is an attack intended to kil l others and inflict widespread damage, while the attacker intends to die as well in the process. CHAPTER-4 4. 1 Islam And Terrorism . During the last two decades in particular, the concept of â€Å"Islamic terror† has been often discussed. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on targets in New York and Washington which caused the death of thousands of innocent civilians, this concept has once again returned to the top of the international agenda. Even though the hijackers have Muslim identities, the terror they perpetrated cannot be labeled â€Å"Islamic terror†, just as it would not be called â€Å"Jewish terror† if the perpetrators were Jews or â€Å"Christian terror† if they were Christians. In fact, the aggressors can commit such violence only with the intention of attacking religion itself. It may well be that they carried out this violence to present religion as evil in the eyes of people, to divorce people from religion and to generate hatred and reaction against pious people. Consequently, every attack having a â€Å"religious† facade on American citizens or other innocent people is actually an attack made against religion. All the three Theistic religions command love, mercy and peace. Terror, on the other hand, is the opposite of religion; it is cruel, merciless and it demands bloodshed and misery. This being the case, while looking for the perpetrators of a terrorist act, its origins should be sought in disbelief rather than in religion. People with a fascist, communist, racist or materialist outlook on life should be suspected as potential perpetrators. The name or the identity of the triggerman is not important. If he can kill innocent people without blinking an eye, whatever his label is, then he is a disbeliever, not a believer. He is a murderer with no fear of God, whose main ambition is to shed blood and to give harm. How we can say that Islam and Muslim are terrorist? In current scenario Muslims are the only victim of terrorism because they face terrorist activities on daily bases and also face world criticism. They are all anti-Muslims and make different prapogenda against muslim because some elements are against and oppose the progress and development of these muslim countries and want to engage them in such activities. Even as they said some muslim liberations parties as terrorist parties as they called hamas in palastine, hizbullah in lebenon, mujahidin moment in Kashmir and true Afghanistan islamist moments and many other moments as terrorist moments if they are terrorist moment then what is Israel done in palistaine, black waters in Pakistan, raw in Kashmir, fbi, and cia in Afghanistan ,Iraq, and Pakistan and also some other muslim countries. On the one side they said that they work for human rights and freedom and on the other hand they called liberation moments as terrorist moment if they claim on islam and muslims then muslimalso claim that the non muslims state are also terrorist! Islam is that religion who forbid people to harm even animal and than how a follower of islam other humans like him? They are many other form of terrorism like cyber terrorism, bio terrorism, reginol terrorism, chemical terrorism and mostly muslim countries are unfamiliar with these terms then why west emphasizes that muslim are terrorist why they cannot blame on other form of terrorism the reason is that they only against islam and muslim? For this reason, â€Å"Islamic terror† is quite a erroneous concept which contradicts Islam’s message. That is because, the religion of Islam can by no means concur with terror. On the contrary, Muslims are responsible for preventing terrorist acts and bringing peace and justice to the world. Islam, a religion of mercy, does not permit terrorism. In the Quran, God has said: God does not forbid you from showing kindness and dealing justly with those who have not fought you about religion and have not driven you out of your homes. God loves just dealers. (Quran, 60:8) CHAPTER-5 Main Incidents Of Terrorism Through Out The World: 5. 1 9/11 In response to the September 11, 2001, attacks on the WTC and Pentagon, the U. S. invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 to dismantle al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Al-Qaeda’s infrastructure in the country was destroyed and their military commander, Muhammed Atef, was killed. Abu Zubaydah, another top operative, was captured in Pakistan. Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri, however, escaped and are presumed alive. They release audio and video messages to the Arab media from time to time. In March 2003 the U. S. widened the war on terrorism by invading Iraq and deposing Saddam Hussein and his Baath party (see Iraq profile). The decision to encompass Iraq in â€Å"the war on terror† has been highly controversial. Although President Bush asserted that there was a working relationship between Hussein and al-Qaeda, no solid proof of collaboration between them specifically on the Sept. 1, 2001, attacks, or on any other terrorist activities has emerged. 5. 2 The Madrid Bombing On March 11, 2004, Spain’s most horrific terrorist attack occurred: 202 people were killed and 1,400 were injured in bombings at Madrid’s railway station. Evidence soon emerged that al-Qaeda was responsible. By April, a dozen suspects, most of them Moroccan, were arrested for th e bombings. On April 4, several suspects blew themselves up during a police raid to avoid capture. Many Spaniards blamed their prime minister’s staunch support of the U. S. and the war in Iraq for making Spain an al-Qaeda target. 5. 3 The London Bombing On July 7, 2005, London suffered a terrorist bombing, its worst attack since World War II. Four bombs exploded in three subway stations and on one double-decker bus during the morning rush hour, killing at least 52 and wounding more than 700. A group calling itself the Secret Organization of al-Qaeda in Europe claimed responsibility on a Web site, asserting that the attacks were a retaliation for Britain’s involvement in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. A year after the bombing, British investigators concluded that the links between the bombers and al-Qaeda were marginal. The four bombers, all born in Britain, had all visited Pakistan, but there was no evidence of any direct support from al-Qaeda. 5. 4 Bombay Attack The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing terrorist attacks across Mumbai, India’s largest city, by Islamic terrorists from Pakistan. The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308. . 5 Iraq bombing Iraq faces bomb blast and sucide bombing on daily bases. And America blame on Iraqi people while they blame America for this. 5. 6 pakistan bombing attacks Pakistan facing also facing bomblast attacks and sucide bombing attacks on daily bases and after 9/11 pakistan face a lot of problem and critical situation of security and still facing terrorist activity. As attack on marriot Islamabad, g. h. q Rawalpindi etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER-6 6. 1 Conclusion: In my opinion: Islam and terrorism have nothing to do with each other. But at the same time it is Islam that has made it very clear what is terrorism and who are the terrorists. We all know that there is no clear definition of terrorism in politics, but there is very clear definition by Islam. Because Islam has made very clear rules for war, and there are no abiguities whatsoever. We, the Pakistanis, are now actually the ones who are more clear about it than anyone. No doubt there were many confusions before, but after the Lal Masjid operation followed by the worst form of terrorism, Pakistanis have realised what terrorism is and who the terrorists are. Well, I might be exaggerating that all the Pakistanis have realised it, but I am quite confident that the large majority has realised it. The reason behind that is the successful military operation in Swat. As soon as Musharraf left, the things started to unfold and people started realising that they have been betrayed. Even the majority of the supporters of Musharraf now know and admit that he was playing â€Å"the double policy game. † We always knew that the tribal areas were full of merciless criminals who were involved in inhumane criminal activities who would do anything for dollars. The same criminals turned into terrorsists with a fake ideology for power. Who doesn’t like to be in power? So whatever they are doing is for power and nothing to do with Islam. I have friends from those areas who are politically much aware than many of us, and they also confirm that those Muslims are involved in the most unIslamic activities. And then there are other factors of brain-washing, foreign elements, etc. But this proves that Islam has nothing to do with terrorism which Pakistan is facing. And at this moment Pakistan is the hardest-hit terrorism victim. Iraq and Afghanistan are now way behind in this regard. The only focus is now Pakistan. So it should be clear now that Islam and terrorism are not related but only being projected as one, and Pakistan is the best example. REFERENCES: http://www. faithfreedom. org/Articles/SKM/jihad. htm http://www. religioustolerance. org/isl_jihad. htm United State Policy On Terrorism BY Ahmed Ijaz Terrorism Ideology And Revolution By Noel O’Sullivan The Osama Bin Ladin I Know By Peter L. Bergen How to cite Islam and Terrorism, Papers

An Overview of the Economy of Brazil

Question: Discuss about the Overview of the Economy of Brazil. Answer: Introduction Brazil, a country that is mostly covered by the amazon, is the fifth largest economy in the world and the largest in the Latin America. It has a population of over 200 million people, who live mostly along the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. The economy is bigger than that of all the countries in South America because it has established large and well-developed sectors that include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and service provision sectors. Furthermore, its working middle class is expanding at a fast rate(Ellis, 2012). The presence of Brazil in the international market has been expanding rapidly. Due to the steady improvement in the stability of its economy, Brazil has experienced macroeconomic growth characterised by increase in foreign reserves and reduction in foreign debt by relying more on the domestic borrowing. In fact, in 2008, Brazils debt was awarded the investor grade and Brazil is now considered a net external creditor. Context Between 2003 and 2014, Brazil experienced social and economic growth that resulted in reduction in inequality and more than 29 million people were elevated from poverty(World Bank, 2017). During this period, income for the entire population grew steadily by a rate of 4.4%. In real terms, income attributed to 40% of the poorest people in the economy grew by an average 7.1%. Despite these steps, since 2015, the economy has stagnated in reducing poverty and inequality levels remain high. The nation achieved universal coverage in elementary education but is now facing challenges in improving the quality and productivity of the education system. These challenges mainly affect both the lower and tertiary levels of education. Brazil is undergoing a deep recession now. Its economic growth rate has been reducing consistently since 2010. In 2006, the country had a strong growth of an average annual growth rate of 4.5% up until 2010. However, in 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy hard. Global demand for Brazilian exports fell and eternal sources of funds dried up. In 2010, Brazil recovered from the crisis and was among the first emerging economies to begin recovery. Investors and consumers revived their confidence leading to the GDP to grow to a rate of 7.5%. This has been the highest rate the country has been able to achieve in the past 25 years. However, this rate fell to 2.1% by 2014. In addition, the GDP has been reducing in the past two years. In 2015, the GDP fell by 3.8% and was followed by another decline of 3.6% in 2016. Several factors have led to this decline. These factors include high inflation rates, low productivity that is characterised by high costs of operation, depending heav ily on raw commodities exports, and high, persistent inflation rates, and low investment levels ("Brazil Economy - overview - Economy", 2017). With its population of over 200 million, the last records of the GDP per Capita in brazil were at $7627.67 in 2015. This GDP per capita equals to 88% of the global average. Brazil achieved an all-time high of $11797.45 in 2013(World Bank, 2017). Unemployment is continually increasing in Brazil. The unemployment rate was at a high of 11.9% in 2016. This translated to an increase of 33.1% from 2015. Unemployment is worst in the capital Rio de Janeiro forcing the public employees to rely on government handouts. Currently, the unemployment rates in Rio are at 11.7%, while that of the entire nation is 11.4%. Most of the sectors that have been largely affected by the unemployment are agribusiness, manufacturing, construction, and professional services including finance and real estate (Rapoza, 2017). In 2015, the government implemented tight monetary policies and elevated the interest rates in a bid to ease inflation. It realigned prices and passed through the depreciation of the exchange rate causing the inflation rate to peak at 10.7% in December. This was way above the upper limit of the governments target of 4.5 2%. Presently, the inflation rates have decelerated. The rates fell to a low of less than 6% in 3 years. This made the bets on the market stronger hence a high reduction of interest rates by 75 basis points by the central bank. It is expected that by June 2017, the inflation rates should have gone to the governments target of 4.5%. This will enable policy makers to reduce the target for the first time in more than 10 years ("Brazil Economy - GDP, Inflation, CPI and Interest Rate", 2017). Monetary policy is the main tool used to ease inflation in the goods and service provision sector. After President Dilma Rouseff was impeached in August 2016, the vice president Michel Termer took office and directed the policy makers to look for monetary and fiscal adjustments that would restore investor confidence and ensure that the environment was conducive for investment. This move has however faced challenges and opposition. The difficult political environment and a rigid budget has undermined the modifications on the fiscal policy. There is no way to reduce public expenditure because of the rigidity of the bind by the constitution and other legislation. This imposes a burden of payment on the subnational government exposing them to a risk of insolvency. International trade is of great significance to the economy of Brazil although trade and investment face challenges in bureaucracy and regulation. The sum total of the value of imports and exports accounts for 27% of the GDP. The government applies an average tariff of 7.8%. The government plays an important role in the diverse and competitive financial sector and 50% of funds in the private sector are financed by public banks ("Brazil Economy - GDP, Inflation, CPI and Interest Rate", 2017). The economic crisis that Brazil is facing has led to major changes in the BOP current account. In response to the reduction of the GDP in 2016, the current account deficit fell to 1.6% of the GDP. This was a significant fall when compared to the 4.3% deficit that was recorded in 2014. By the end of 2015, 135% of the current account deficit was funded by direct foreign investments thus accounting for 4.2% of the GDP. Brazils Economy Outlook Putting in place growth enhancing changes the success of the adjustments that have been put in place will determine the outlook of the medium to long-term economic advancements. The drivers of growth have been stunted in the past. These drivers such as expansion of labour and commodity boom, and consumption that is fuelled by credit availability are important for the advancement of the economy. It is important that the government increase investment and gains from productivity in the effort to raise competitiveness and achieve growth in future. The government is seeking to reinforce the economy and the workforce in particular in the long run. To do this, it has imposed local content and made it necessary for foreign businesses to transfer technology. In addition to this, further research is being done in energy, healthcare and technology, with further investment in education through programs such as Bolsa Familia and the Brazil Science Mobility Program(World Bank, 2017). Conclusion Brazil has undergone a turbulent economic time in the past. The global financial crisis, economic recession, the political crisis in the country, and a fall in the prices of commodities has made the economy to contract sharply. These events reduces the confidence of the investors and consumers in the economy. High inflation rates, a wide deficit in the budget and balance of payments accounts, and political paralysis have compromised the fiscal and monetary policies in the country leading to a heavy burden of public debt. There is an excessive interference by the state on the economy coupled with poor and inefficient service from the government. Despite these challenges on the economy, the future looks bright if the reforms are successful. References Brazil Economy - GDP, Inflation, CPI and Interest Rate. (2017). FocusEconomics | Economic Forecasts from the World's Leading Economists. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/brazil Brazil Economy - overview - Economy. (2017). Indexmundi.com. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/economy_overview.html Brazil GDP per capita | 1960-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2017). Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/brazil/gdp-per-capita Brazil Overview. (2017). Worldbank.org. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil/overview Ellis, H. S. (2012).The economy of Brazil. Berkeley, Calif: University of California. Rapoza, K. (2017). Forbes Welcome. Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/12/29/brazil-record-unemployment-rate-rises-by-33-rio-de-janeiro-hangs-like-a-loose-tooth/

The target audience Essay Example

The target audience Paper There are many languages used in the advert, but the ones that I thought of straight away are shocking, aggressive and factual.  I found it shocking, because the dog is happy as if the owner hasnt taken the dog for a walk. Now the dog says hes going for a swim, but then he changes his mind, because the river looks cold and dirty plus the owner didnt bring a towel, instead he bought a sack. When the dog says the owner a sack you can assume that he is going to put the dogs in the sack and throw them in the canal. You see this through pathos. I found it aggressive at the end, when the slogan came up, because I have already explained, it is direct appeal. It is aggressive because they use the word DAMN. That is an unusual word to use in adverts, but then again it is important. That is why I found it factual just before the slogan. The woman voice over says that every year the RSPCA has to rescue thousands of unwanted pets, and it is true, that is why I think it is factual.  Using camera angles, diegetic sound and an aggressive slogan at the end put the RSPCAs television campaign together.  The use of camera angles in the advert makes the advert more important. There are many camera angles used in the RSPCAs broadcast, there are, medium shots, low angle and the god shot (birds eye view). We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The target audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The purpose of the medium shot is to set the atmosphere. Medium shots are sort of like flash backs, but theyre just still shots. We see this shot in the advert, when the dog changes his mind about swimming, because the river is cold and dirty. After the dog says that, the camera goes back to show us how dirty the river is and the camera stays there for five seconds.  The other shot is when the owner takes the dogs to put them in the sack, there is a wall with graffiti on it, and bin bags in front. Already that shop makes the atmosphere seem dangerous. Low angle shots make the owner seem powerful. This is because this angle is through the dogs eyes. This camera angle is the dog, because the camera is shaking. This angle is good because it shows us what the dog sees, and how we would feel if we were in the dogs position. This is a sort of persuasive shot, because if you were a dog then you wouldnt want that happening to you.  This angle makes the owner seem powerful, because in the advert when it comes up to the graffiti on the walls, the owner puts a rope around the camera to make it a leash.  The birds eye shot is the most important shot. There is only one of these shots, which makes it special. This shot is probably the biggest shot in the advert, because this proves you are right about the owner, if he is really going to kill the dogs. This shot shows the owner putting the dog in the sack and walking towards the river.  The diegetic sounds in the advert give us an affect of isolation and fear.  The diegetic sounds in this advert are; footsteps, river flowing, cars and trees moving in the wind.  The fear factor is when the owner crosses the road with his dogs, but doesnt have them on a leash. This makes us think he deliberately wants them to get run over by a car.  When they are walking or running through the grass, the dog looks at the river and thinks again about going for a swim, but still the owner takes him. This is isolation. What gives this advert a big affects that the dogs voice is young and Scottish, which makes the audience think the dog is care free and happy and is more vulnerable.  Without the owners diegetic sound, then we wouldnt have suspected that the owner was going to do this, because he started off happy, but then gradually gets angry, stressed and inpatient.  No voice-overs make the audience think back on images.  The slogan at the end is really aggressive, but it still is persuasive. This is because the slogan is presented on a blank screen, followed by the birds eye view shot of the dog being thrown in the river. My opinion is that the television advert is more persuasive than the radio advert. The radio advert you have to think and listen to the advert and work out that it is a dog, but in the television advertise you already know it is a dog because another dog is running in front of the camera that is speaking. Radio adverts are some how good, because the people that dont have time cant watch it on television, so they just listen to it on the radio. If you were a blind person then you would prefer the television advertise because it has diegetic sounds, which make you imagine what is going on. Some people prefer radio adverts, because the television takes up a lot of electricity, plus radio is cheaper than television.

Mines by Susan Straight Author Report Essay Essays

Mines by Susan Straight Author Report Essay Essays Mines by Susan Straight Author Report Essay Paper Mines by Susan Straight Author Report Essay Paper 1. Drumhead and Response. A. Born in Riverside. California. Susan Straight became an award winning regional writer. Straight came from a simple beginning. a diverse household and no friends who were authors. Straight wrote her first narrative at the age of 16 and wrote athleticss articles in junior high. As a junior in high school. she began composing short narratives once more. Straight does like to go. but enjoys returning place every bit good. Straight makes no mistake in recommending the usage of composing workshops. so that authors have the chance to spread out their endowment. Straight has been published in assorted national publications. covered novels for immature readers as good and even a children’s book. Straight has received several literary awards for her work and is now a Professor at the University of California. Her short narrative â€Å"Mines† was included in Best American Short Stories. 2003. The Golden Gopher. another of Straights short narratives. received the 2008 Edgar Alla n Poe Award. Heterosexuals last three novels are Highwire Moon ( 2001 ) . A Million Nightingales ( 2006 ) and Take One Candle Light a Room ( 2010 ) . Straight has many essays: â€Å"Reckless† ( 2007 ) . â€Å"El Ojo de Agua† ( 2007 ) and â€Å"The Funk Festival at Los Angles Coliseum. Los Angles. May 26. 1979† to call a few. For her younger readers Susan authored Bear E. Bear ( 1995 ) and The Friskative Dog ( 2007 ) . B. â€Å"Mines† is a narrative about a female parent who’s besides a corrections officer. seeking to maintain her kids from going portion of the uneducated young person prison civilization. Clarette is a strong. self-denying adult female. She has no personal life. due to her distant hubby ; in kernel. she is a individual female parent. Clarette has struggle with her hubby. who seems to be all right with their kids turning up to be what society expects. Clarette is seeking as best she can to spread out their options in their lives. Her occupation at the Youth Authority takes a physical and emotional toll on her. Because of the job’s nature. Clarette sees the delinquency of the young person. hold oning why she should maintain traveling and giving her kids an alternate hereafter. She sees the â€Å"wards. † as â€Å"fools. † Just as that they are misguided and immature. Her finding is proven after the battle at the Youth Authority. where she gets up and tongues on the topographic point she was assaulted. returning to work. Nothing is easy for her. but she merely won’t give up. C. I unfeignedly enjoyed reading â€Å"Mines. † At first I merely thought it was traveling to be about her occupation. this was merely all right with me. Even though her occupation does play into the narrative. it is non merely about that. Straights descriptions of the scenery. characters. emotions and societal influences were attractively done. Even upon the first reading I indentified with Clarette. since I am besides a individual female parent and did work for a piece as a corrections officer myself. It made me remember all the otiose lives I encountered on a day-to-day footing and that some of them acted like it was no large trade. Although these were grown work forces. it seems like it is now merely something that is socially accepted. The short narrative was a really easy read for me and one that I read several times with no attempt. I felt that she was a nice human being. caring. loving and rational. She. like most female parents. set her kids before herself. giving up some of her life and that made her more human to me. I felt sorrow when she is injured in the battle at her occupation and pride when she spat on the cement before she goes back indoors. I besides felt satisfaction. when she opened the classifieds to look for the vertical. 2. Research. A. There are three chief points that I would wish to cover. in the interview that I chose on Susan Straight. The rubric is merely. â€Å"Birnbaum v. Susan Straight. † * All of her fiction has been about how people from topographic points like Louisiana. Oklahoma. Mississippi. Canada and Switzerland have come to a topographic point like Riverside. California. Since her fiction is regional. it helps us understand better merely one portion of our state. alternatively of seeking to be so wide that we lose some things in item. Susan travels to the topographic points in her Hagiographas. to acquire the back-story. doing certain that all is accurate and it appears that she enjoys it a batch. When Susan committed to composing A Million Nightingales. she states. â€Å"I exhausted five old ages and I read about a 100 books and historical paperss and went to Louisiana twice with my neighbour. who is from east Texas† ( 5 ) . She uses things that are in tribunal paperss to assist with historical information as good. For illustration. slaves were neer taught to read or compose. besides they were neer taught to read or compose. besides they were considered belongings. So for her. tribunal paperss are the manner to travel. â€Å"I read a batch of tribunal paperss and I have to state you I read things like estate sale paperss from 1797†¦On the right side of the papers is listed the human belongings that’s being sold and on the left the physical belongings and it goes on for several pages. On the right manus side you have all the slaves and the slaves merely had first names. They couldn’t have last names† ( 6 ) . Susan besides states. â€Å"The manner I know about my household by marriage-slave ancestry-is merely through all the narratives everyone tells† ( 6 ) . It is astonishing how she researches so much and incorporates that to do certain the narrative is right. That does g ive the reader a more true apprehension on what is traveling on in the scene. clip period and characters heads. It does look that she does besides maintain up with the societal and political facets of the clip. Talking about outlooks set by society of her girls and authorities mistreatment in response after a natural catastrophe. due to ethnicity. Susan speaks of the hurricane that destroyed New Orleans. â€Å"New Orleans was 70 percent Afro-american and it becomes much easier for the federal government-in my community. in the black community. this is common cognition. people say. ‘Of class they don’t want to reconstruct New Orleans. ’ I think what people in Louisiana feel. non merely in New Orleans but outside the metropolis every bit good. particularly south and in St. Bernard Parish. is that rejection you feel when the federal authorities says. ‘Well I don’t cognize if it’s truly deserving it. ’ Of class. if it’s your place of birth. you want to experience as if you are deserving it† ( 10 ) . Leading me to recognize that there is still racial favoritism. even now. in political relations every bit good as society. Susan’s girls are described as readers of literature. diverse in the music that they enjoy and merely like any other all right immature lady. Susan is quoted speech production of her girls as â€Å"really smart besides being beautiful. and that’s terrorization. It’s terrorization because a batch of times people still expect them to be dense or want them to be dense. Because they are beautiful light-skinned black women† ( 4 ) . â€Å"There are no pure races. † provinces Susan. which does do you believe ( 4 ) . Susan does give back uping information to turn out her quotation mark. merely by reminding the reader of Louisiana in the late 1700s. â€Å"You had Swiss materialistic soldiers who had their ain Torahs and regulations. Gallic colonists. French-Canadian trappers who didn’t even speak the same Gallic as the Gallic colonists. African slaves from seven. eight. nine different states who spoke Congo. Bambara. And so you had German colonists. And so Native Americans who had their ain distinguishable languages†¦And the truth is. if there is English and if there is Gallic. if there is African it all canastas to go this Creole language-what is it so. and what are we so? † ( 7 ) . While a pupil at the University of Massachusetts. Susan did analyze with James Baldwin. Mr. Baldwin is known for his activism. in the civil rights motion. every bit good as his composing on African American life in the United States. When Susan got to the University of Massachusetts. she had been â€Å"a sports writer and editor. and I’d merely been composing fiction for a twelvemonth. † Mr. Baldwin would help Susan with her narratives. assisting develop characters that she thought were minor and had her think on a larger graduated table. Susan says that Mr. Baldwin â€Å"was vastly helpful the manner he taught me to believe about these larger questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan was diffident that Mr. Baldwin knew what he was speaking about. but came to recognize â€Å"he was right. † Susan besides credits Jay Neugeboren. a professor â€Å"for years† at the University of Massachusetts. as the individual â€Å"who truly taught me to line-edit. He taught me to t ravel through my work and do it every bit perfect as it could be† ( 15. 16 ) . Mentions: Straight. Susan. â€Å"Birnbaum v. Susan Straight. † The Morning News. The Morning News. 02 Aug. 2006. Web. 21 Jun. 2011. Straight. Susan. Interview by Dominique McCafferty. Riverside Public Library. Riverside PublicLibrary [ Riverside. CA ] . Spring 2005. Web. 06 Jun. 2011 Straight. Susan. World Wide Web. Susan Straight. com. World Wide Web. Jwelches. com. n. d. Web. 30 Jun. 2011

10 Fleshy Words

10 Fleshy Words 10 Fleshy Words 10 Fleshy Words By Maeve Maddox Latin words meaning flesh and fleshly (carnis, carnalis), have given English several words, some of which refer to human flesh and some to the flesh of animals. 1. carnage noun: a heap of dead bodies, especially of men killed in battle. The Anglo-Saxon poem â€Å"The Battle of Maldon† describes the carnage that ensues when the local militia confronts Viking raiders. The fates of several Anglo-Saxon warriors are depicted- notably that of Earl Byrhtnoth: he dies valiantly, urging his soldiers forward and commending his soul to God. Carnage is also used in a non-military context to describe the bloody aftermath of any killing event: Firefighters have described the carnage and confusion they found when they arrived on the scene of the Paddington rail crash in which 31 people died. 2. carnal adjective: pertaining to the body. In Medieval Latin, a frater carnalis was a biological brother. In modern usage, carnal refers to the sensual or sexual aspects of the body. The noun is carnality and the adverb is carnally. Detectives  charged  the 27-year-old with felony  carnal knowledge  of a juvenile. In religious thought, carnal is the opposite of spiritual. A carnal mind is not necessarily a sinful mind. However, all sin is carnal. A carnal mind is simply a mind that is governed entirely by the senses. 3. carnation adjective: a light rosy pink; noun: a flower, scientific name Dianthus, which may be shades of pink or red. The plural carnations is used as an art term: â€Å"those parts in a painting that represent the naked skin.† Vecelli observed that a colorist ought to manipulate white, black and red, and that the carnations cannot be done in a first painting, but by replicating various tints and mingling the colors. 4. carnelian noun: a flesh-colored, deep red, or reddish-white variety of chalcedony; adjective: of the color of a carnelian. My stepmother was, if rather richly, always plainly dressed, in the sober Quaker mode; almost  her  only ornament was a large  carnelian brooch, set in flowered flat gold. 5. carnival noun: originally, the medieval religious celebration preceding Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. The word derives from a phrase meaning â€Å"the putting away of flesh.† In modern usage, a carnival is any season of feasting, revelry, or indulgence. In North American English, a carnival is a fun fair with rides and entertainment booths. 6. carnivore noun: (Latin carnivorus, â€Å"flesh-eating†) A carnivore is an animal that eats only meat. People whose diet includes meat are often jokingly referred to as carnivores, in contrast to vegans and vegetarians. My husband and children are carnivores, and yes, I do prepare their food for them. 7. carnivorous adjective: (Latin carni, â€Å"flesh† + vorus, â€Å"devouring†) The accent is on the second syllable. Since neither humans nor chimpanzees are truly carnivorous- most traditional human societies eat a diet made up mostly of plant foods- we are considered omnivores. Note: An omnivore feeds on a diet of both plant and animal origin. 8. charnel house noun: (Old French charnel) a house for dead bodies; a house or vault in which the bones of the dead are piled up. Recently in the Orkney Isles in Scotland, a charnel house has revealed more than 1,000 human bones. 9. incarnation noun: the action of incarnating; the fact of being incarnated or â€Å"made flesh† The  Incarnation  in traditional Christianity is the belief that the second person of the Trinity, also known as God the Son or the Logos (Word), â€Å"became flesh† by being conceived in the womb of Mary. 10. incarnate adjective: clothed or invested with flesh; embodied in flesh; in a human (or animal) bodily form. Until the latter half of the T’ang dynasty, some emperors had even claimed to be the  Buddha incarnate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Work of Art Titles30 Nautical Expressions

IT Project Management Assessment. UMCDF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Project Management Assessment. UMCDF - Essay Example In this similar concern, the recipient of the Project Management Institute’s Project of the year 2012 award named Umatilla Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (UMCDF) has been taken into concern. In order to analyze about how the project management team associated with UMCDF exhibited exceptional and ethical project management practices, it has been viewed that the team ensured the following of various ethical considerations for successfully completing its project. Moreover, the team also made sure that there exist a proper, regular and an efficient flow of communications, so that no chances of biasness arises amid the members. The issue concerning safety has also given prior importance by the project management team linked with UMCDF as the people involved in the work process are completely new. Specially mentioning, the team can also be viewed hiring skilled as well as productive personnel in order to train the workers for building a strong interrelation with every member assoc iated with the project (Kerzner, 2013; Peterson, 2012). Thus, on the basis of the above discussion, it can be affirmed that the project manager or team linked with UCADF exhibited exceptional along with ethical based project management related practices by a certain degree. ... 2. Discuss the Role of the Project Manager or Team, The Organizational Setting, And the Recipient’s Approach to Project Integration Management, And Obstacles That Had the Potential of Adversely Impacting the Triple Constraints. The role of the project manager or team associated with UMCDF has been discussed hereunder. Technical: In general, the technical skill of a project manager matters a lot during a project life cycle. The technical quality of the project management team associated with UMCDF might basically include the activities of adopting, executing as well as developing effective planning to complete the project within prescribed time period (Blair, 2002). Transactional: This skill of a project manager is generally associated with managing the project work flow and performance. It basically includes formation of the project base and the guidelines that needs to be followed during the execution phase (Blair, 2002). This particular role might facilitate the team of UMCD F to attain PMI Project of the Year Award. Transformational: It is generally considered to be those leadership skills that must remain present in a project manager or in a project management team. Relating to UMCDF, it can be affirmed that the team performed quite well in terms of maintaining proper communication and relation with the co-workers resulting in making the recipient of PMI Project of the Year Award (Blair, 2002). It is to be affirmed that organization settings play a decisive part in the context of project management. In reference to the case of UMCDF it can be apparently observed that the project i.e. UMCDF had a proper organizational setting which helped to attain the award. This can be

Discussion of the value of research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion of the value of research - Essay Example Research is very important in imparting knowledge among various people concerned with the advancement of their knowledge and ways of thinking. Indeed it is through research that we are able to improve our knowledge. Various people have conducted researches in various fields of study and come up with various ways of viewing different things and have different view over the same things. As Gibbons argue, research changes the way a society and a group of people view things by inventing new ideas. It is a way of improving our knowledge based on the need to change the perception of a given person (Gibbons et al, 1994). This paper will look at the importance of research at certain levels such as in academic achievements, in employment as well as in national building as a citizen of a given country. To begin with, research as I have indicated in the statement above is the eye opener in changing the manner in which we view things around us or react to given circumstances and situations in the society. Researches are therefore very important in the life of a student especially at higher levels such as the honors level. Carrying out research at the university level can be useful in very many ways for instance, researches improve our bulk of knowledge in related fields of specialization (Bell, 1973). People go to school in order to acquire full education in terms of quality learning as opposed to mere diploma holding capabilities. Knowledge that is all encompassing requires that one is all round with regard to his or her line of specialization, which is to have a vast knowledge in our areas of specialization. We therefore need to conduct investigative researches to well equip ourselves with the best knowledge we can gather in our fields of study. According to Friedman, an honors st udent is expected to have profound knowledge in his or her field of specialization and so must conduct research to keep himself or herself with the most current and detailed knowledge in

Poverty and Lifeboat Ethics Essay Example for Free

Poverty and Lifeboat Ethics Essay A famous Chinese proverb goes: â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for the rest of his days.† Although this wise advice was given thousands of years ago, nowadays looks like no powerful or rich government on Earth understands that sentence. Garrent Hardin, author of â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor† show us an honest perspective on how the rich countries in the world, by donating food and money, instead of helping poor countries get out of their misery, cause more hunger and strife. In addition, he tells us that overpopulation in poor countries should be controlled soon, or the current situation will turn ugly very fast. Although Hardin’s evidence is almost indisputable, his position is not. I understand why the author believes that helping poor people is a bad idea but he isn’t looking at many others sides of the situation. At the beginning, my reaction was the opposite. I was totally convinced by Hardin’s theory. I desperately sought a place within a â€Å"lifeboat!† But after discussing the essay in class, and hearing myself repeat Hardin’s words that express his indifference about poor people, and also rethinking his thesis in which poor people don’t have a chance for a better life, I changed my position. I can’t support those ideas because in my own point of view, they are false. It is just not true. Some countries and some societies already made a change. Some countries like South Korea, Singapore and China have broken the poverty cycle. We shouldn’t be so negative and we must remember that even the poorest people on the planet have imagin ation, ideas, beliefs and an imperative necessity to change their own universe. However, I think that the answer is within Hardin’s thesis too. Poor people don’t need food and clothes only in cases of emergency. Instead, they need a few rich governments interested in giving them tools and ways to improve their economies, to develop their ideas and to use their creative minds. Without that little help all life in this planet will disappear. So, helping the poor is also a way of helping everyone else, even rich people. And here Hardin’s thoughts are necessary: â€Å"Without a true world government, controlled reproduction and the use of available resources, the sharing ethic of the spaceship is impossible.† (Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor. Pg. 310.) If the poorest destroy their natural resources, the consequences will be for everyone, regardless of how much each possesses. In conclusion, I think Hardin is correct when he asks about the future on Earth, if we take statistics and analyze their results for the year 2050. However, his position against helping poor people and trying to eliminate them from the face of the Earth is wrong. I believe in a true world, where rich countries use their development technology and their healthy, well-nourished minds to decrease the percentage of poverty in the world, and where everyone wins the right to live in this, our planet Earth.

Battered Womens Syndrome :: essays research papers

Battered Women's Syndrome: A Survey of Contemporary Theories Domestic Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1991, Governor William Weld modified parole regulations and permitted women to seek commutation if they could present evidence indicating they suffered from battered women's syndrome. A short while later, the Governor, citing spousal abuse as his impetus, released seven women convicted of killing their husbands, and the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enacted Mass. Gen. L. ch. 233, 23E (1993), which permits the introduction of evidence of abuse in criminal trials. These decisive acts brought the issue of domestic abuse to the public's attention and left many Massachusetts residents, lawyers and judges struggling to define battered women's syndrome. In order to help these individuals define battered women's syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below. I. The Classical Theory of Battered Women's Syndrome and its Origins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in the mental health field as the clinician's bible, does not recognize battered women's syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered women's syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered women's syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 60's and early 70's, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the nonelectrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible.

Lobbying in the European Union

The European Commission has four main rules: 1. Proposing new legislations to the Parliament and the Court. It is important that these proposals are aimed to defend the interest of the Union and its citizens, and not only for specific countries or industries. 2. It is responsible for supervising the budget under the watchful eye of the Court. It also has to manage the policies which are adopted by the Parliament and Council. 3. They have to make sure that the law in every European country is properly applied. 4. Representing the EU on the international stage. It makes sure that the member states can speak with one voice (Europa.eu, 2009). Explain why the system of Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in the Council of Ministers has become more important in the decision-making process Assuming a measure is opposed by Britain, Italy and Ireland, which together wield 23 votes, these have more power than smaller countries. Since a blocking majority consists of 26 votes, the power of Denmark or Finland (each with three votes) to determine the Council's decision on the measure becomes infinitely greater than Luxembourg's (with only two votes). A small country can exert enormous leverage on its larger colleagues when it can use its votes to transform an existing coalition into a qualified majority or blocking majority (Peterson and Bomberg, 1999, p.51-52). Why and how has the role of the European Parliament become more significant in the decision-making process The European Parliament works aside the Council of Ministers to make decisions, therefore Parliament amendments are now influenced by the European Parliament in the decision-making process. It is more involved under two procedures, co-decision and cooperation with the Council of Ministers. This procedure was introduced by the EC Treaty of Maastricht and was largely expanded by the Amsterdam and Nice alteration of the TEC. Now the procedure is applied to practically all important matters (Europedia, 2009). With the cooperation procedure, introduced in the SEA, the Council becomes more influenced. If the EP has different opinions to what the Council proposes in a specific legislation, further discussion and modifications can be undertaken. Today this procedure will only be applied in limited areas of economic and monetary unions. Under the co-decision procedure now fall the vast majority of EU legislations that were introduced by the Maastricht, Amsterdam and Nice Treaties. In this procedure the EP has more power to veto against some decisions from the Council. If they can not agree with each other, the legislation will fail to exist (Bomberg E. and Stubb A., 2005, p. 59). To what extent will changes to decision making procedures outline in the Lisbon Treaty (2007) improve the legislation process within the EU Firstly, it generalises the qualified majority voting in a normal legislative process. Secondly, the weight of the votes will change in the Council and significantly simplify the system of qualified majority. From the 1st of November 2014, the qualified majority has to be at least 55 % of the members of the Council, including a minimum of fifteen of them and representing Member States involving a minimum of 65 % of the inhabitants of the Union. A blocking majority must have a minimum of four Council members, and the qualified majority will be reached. The new voting system values the fairness of Member States as each one has one vote in respect of the first decisive factor and the second criteria is the population size of a country. The third criteria which must be noted is that 15 Member States in support of the proposal – is unnecessary (Europedia, 2009). Current decisions about roaming fees and the services directive demonstrate how the European Parliament's membership guides take decisions, which are in the interest of the European citizens. Henceforward, the European Parliament will have the same power as the Council of Ministers in many areas. Regarding the agricultural policy, the Parliament will be able to contribute to it. The EP will therefore take part in all aspects of the EU budget. The national Parliament will play a role prior to the acceptance of EU legislation and will be adept to force the Commission to modify draft EU-legislations. It will be a milestone to bringing the EU nearer to its citizens (TheEuros, 2007). In what ways do lobbying groups contribute to the policy process in the EU and why are they significant for business In 2008, there were 15,000 lobbyists and 2,500 lobbying organisations in Brussels. In the EU, the Lobbyist usually drops into one of three major groups: industry associations, regional representations and non-governmental organisations / interest groups. Interest groups and industry associations focus on influencing decision-making processes for the benefit of their members, while also gathering and disseminating useful information. In distinction, regional lobby groups stand for regional and local authorities within EU Member States, they do not focus on direct lobbying, but on networking, informing and marketing their regions all the way through the EU machinery (Stevenson, 2008, p.1). One of the most important issues in front of interests groups is the hanging balance of power between European Institutions. Enlargement of qualified majority voting in the Council take the veto power from Member States in some economic areas, the co-decision process gave the European Parliament a bigger role in decision-making and the power to reject legislation that the Council favours. Interest groups style alliances in order to give the issue a true European dimension and perspective. The EU today manages important policies such as the Common Agriculture Policy, telecommunication, the negotiation in the World Trade Organisation, food safety, public health and transport. Business groups account for almost two-thirds of all Eurogroups (Lehmann, 2003, p.5-21). Lobbying is significant for the business, because the firms can influence on the government's decisions. Levi Strauss & Co. for example, relies on Guatemala for materials such as textiles. In 2001, the U.S. government denied Guatemala duty-free status for its imports due to the Latin America government's decision to adequately implement labor laws. This would have increased Levi Strauss's costs, so it had a clear business interest in dominating, â€Å"Rather than lobby the U.S. government to retain Guatemala's preferential trade status† the author writes, Levi's choose to attack the cause of the problem: the Guatemala's lack of labour laws. The result: Guatemala put into operation stronger labor laws as a result it continues to have protected trade status with the United States (Is ‘Lobbying for Good' CSR's Missing Link?, 2009).

Broken Families Essay

Introduction Family is the basic unit of society. This is the most important component of a country. †The family is one of nature’s masterpieces.† (Santayana) 2012. Governance will only be effective if the citizens are properly oriented with good values and virtues, which is commonly taught by the family. †Marriage is the agreement to let a family happen.† (Wylie) 2012.A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their offspring, or the family. A home where good values and virtues are commonly taught by the family. Aside from providing an environment conducive to physical growth and health, the family must also create an atmosphere that would influence the cognitive and psychological growth of its member. If the needs of the individual family members are met, the other members are able to reach out to others in the family, the community, and society as a whole. However, no matter how happy a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just part of any relationship anyway. But, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken, varies from numerous reasons why it had to be that way. But usually, misunderstanding starts from simple domestic quarrel that grows impertinently damaging the  long-forged relationship between the family members. When a couple split up, it is the children that are greatly affected scarring them physically, emotionally and socially. The most common dispute between a husband and a wife is the financial matter. This is rooted when the father, which should be the provider for the family, can’t give enough money for the sustenance of the whole family. A vice that cannot be given up may be associated with this. Single parenting or broken family is a very important social issue that can have significant effects on a child’s academic performance. Children who are raised in a single family home are at risk of not reaching their full potential. Broken homes are experienced by some of the students not only with those in poverty line families but same goes to middle and higher class families. Parents chose to live separately regardless how their children feel and its impact to their lives, however, there are still parents in spite of the situation still supports and care of their children in their studies, and others. The academic performance of children from broken home is often adversely affected, as well as the stress of inadequate financial resources. Children from broken home household are disadvantaged. Some of them do not go to school; those who do may attend low quality schools, with low academic performance. Some of them may drop out of school prematurely. The caring power of single parent may determine the length of schooling of child in the broken home family. The girls are more likely to become teen mothers while still in school. In most broken homes, the children are generally disadvantaged because they are generally regarded as being deprived academically, economically, socially and culturally. Their environment is not conducive to learning and in which education is not adequate. Most of the affected individuals are persons from low income areas in which unskilled employment, poor living conditions prevails. All these have negative impact in the academic performance of the pupils. Pupils in broken  home families always have deficit. As a result of loss one parent, these children suffer psychological problems. Background of the study The family is the child’s first place of contact with the world. The child as a result, acquires initial education and socialization from parents and other significant persons in the family. Agulana (1999) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Structurally, family/homes is either broken or intact. A broken home in this context, is one that is not structurally intact, as a result of divorce, separation, death of one parent and illegitimacy. According to Frazer (2001), psychological home conditions arise mainly from illegitimacy of children, the label of adopted child, broken home, divorce and parental deprivation. Such abnormal conditions of the home, are likely to have a detrimental effect on school performance of the child he asserts. Life, in a single parent family or broken home can be stressful for both the child and the parent. Such families are faced with challenges of inadequate financial resources (children defense fund, 1994). Schultz (2006) noted that if adolescents from unstable homes are to be compared with those from stable homes, it would be seen that the former have more social, academic and emotional problems. Scales and Roehlkepartain (2003), are of the opinion that the family and its structure play a great role in children’s academic performance. Levin (2001), also states that parents are probably the actors with the clearest undimentional interest in a high level of their children’s academic performance. To some extent, there is simple evidence to show that marital instability brings about stress, tension, lack of motivation and frustration. Obviously, these manifestations act negatively on a child’s academic performance. Johnson (2005) asserts that children of unmarried parents/separated families often fail and are at risk emotionally. However, this may not be completely applicable in all instances of broken homes. Some children irrespective of home background or structure may work hard and become successful in life. Moreover, Ayodele (2006) stated that the  environment where a child finds himself/herself goes a long way in determining his learning ability and ultimately his academic performance. It is worthy to note that majority of high school students in the country who got poor or failing grades in their academic subjects came from broken homes. Some of them as we saw were not just having poor academic performance but instead they let themselves be retained at their year level after dropping-out their respective subjects. It is timely to identify or to determine if students in high school who came from broken homes are greatly affected in their academic classes. Difficult start: Children raised by a single parent are more likely to suffer distress. The research adds to a wealth of data that shows children suffer badly from divorce or parental break-up, and that those brought up by a single parent are more likely to do badly at school, suffer poor health, and fall into crime, addiction and poverty as adults. The report, funded by the Department of Health and published by the Office for National Statistics, investigated emotional disorders – ranked as those which cause considerable distress and interference with the way in which children perform at school and during play. It also looked at conduct disorders which result in aggressive, violent or anti-social behavior. The researchers studied nearly 8,000 children aged between five and 16 in 2004 and found almost one in ten had disorders. The children were checked again last year. The report said that a child whose parents had split during this time was more than four and a half times more likely to have developed an emotional disorder than one whose parents stayed together. They were nearly three times more likely to exhibit a conduct disorder. Eleven per cent of those children whose families broke up had emotional disorders, against 3 per cent among those whose families were still together. Nearly a third of children found to have mental disorders in 2004 still suffered from them three years later. The Department of Health said: ‘The Government is committed to helping children and young people experiencing mental health problems.’ ‘Broken families and serial fathers produce homes full of conflict and chaos and they are terrible for children.’ Llano High School as one of the public schools in Caloocan City is a school where many students are products of broken homes. As to what extent the effect of their family condition to their academic performance and what adjustment strategies they employ is the premise of this study. Thus the researcher aims that the result of this study may become basis for crafting a guidance program to promote better adjustment strategies for students from broken homes. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the correlation between the academic performance and adjustment strategies of students from broken homes in Llano High School, Division of City Schools, Caloocan City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1gender, 1.2age 1.3size of the family 1.4guardian whom he/she stays with, and 1.5cause/s of parents’ separation? 2.To what extent do the student respondents encounter difficulties in the following areas: 2.1academic performance, 2.2interpersonal relationship, 2.3socio-economic status, and 2.4personality development? 3.What adjustment strategies do the respondents employ in addressing the difficulties they encounter in the aforementioned areas? 4.What is the level of academic performance of the student respondents based on their previous G.W.A.? 5.Is there a significant relationship between the level of academic performance and the identified adjustment strategies of the respondents? 6.What guidance program may be proposed to promote better adjustment strategies of the students from broken homes? BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Marquardt, Elizabeth. â€Å"Between Two Worlds â€Å"The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce 2005 B. Journals/Magazines Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, Year 2010/ Volume 7 / Issue 3 / Page no. 240-243 C. Unpublished Materials Ijeoma, Alika Henrietta and Samson Edosa Ogboro, Relationship between Broken Homes and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria June 2012 Sawadjaan, Glaiza M. Broken Family: Its Effect in the Academic Performance of the Selected College Students of Laguna State Polytechnic University D. Electronic/Online Sources Family Structure and Children’s Educational Outcomes: LifeSiteNews.com January 2006, http//www.americanvalues.org/briefs/edoutcomes.htm Causes of Broken Homes, http://primenet.hubpages.com/hub/Causes-of-Broke-Homes Divorce Study Breaks New Ground, Gallagher, Maggie, October, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005 Single Parent Households and Childhood Academic Achievement, Jones Katherine 2007, http://voices.yahoo.com/single-parent-household-academic-achievement-524122.html Children of Divorce: Psychological, Psychiatric, Behavioral Problems and Suicide http://www.divorcereform.org/psy.html Broken Home Children are ‘Five times More Likely to Suffer Mental Troubles’, Doughty, Steve, Updated 21 October 2008 Academic Performance of Students Coming from Broken Homes, Namz0810’s, http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Academic-Perfomance-Of-Students-Coming-From/47316 Mending a Broken Home, Billy Graham, June 21, 20012 http://www.oppapers.com/essay/Broken-Family/737897 http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Academic-Performance-Of-Students-Coming-From/47316 http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-297135944/relationship-between-broken-homes -and-acedemic-achievement http://www.oppapers.com/essays/The-Psychological-Effects-On-The-Emotional/843277 http://gomestic.com/family/the-effect-of-broken-home-on-the-acedmic-performance-of-pupils/ Queltin.http://www.oppapers.com/course-notes/Factors-Related-To-The-Academic Performance/940078 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic achievement Millienor D. Tapia August 2012. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Broken-Family/1068740 Iowa State Study Says Most Children Recover From Divorce Adjustment Problems 2012,http://www.divorcereform.org/psy.html Michael J.McManus, President Marriage Savers, http://www.marriagesavers.org

For Capital Punishment Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment

For Capital Punishment Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment For Capital Punishment Capital Punishment Have you ever been seated around a dinner table with close friends and somehow the conversation turned into a heated discussion about a sensitive topic? I have, and let me tell you, it wasnt pretty. Not everyone wants to hear other peoples opinions, especially when they clash with their beliefs. We were discussing capital punishment. Some thought life imprisonment was sufficient punishment for murder in the first degree, willfully taking the life of another. Others, like myself, favor the death penalty. Laws against murder will not be taken seriously until the penalty is as serious as the crime. Capital punishment is just retribution for committing crimes, so heinous, that the only acceptable punishment is execution. In a recent article in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, support for the death penalty has risen to 78% (Shepard 3A). Most supporters of the death penalty feel that offenders should be punished for their crimes, and that it does not matter whether executions deter the crime rate. I believe that enforcing the death penalty will not only punish the guilty but it will also help protect the safety of citizens by removing dangerous criminals from society. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offense that he or she is planning, and that what happened to another individual who committed this offense, can also happen to him or her. Simply stated deterrence refers to a circumstance in which an individual refrains from an act because he or she perceives a risk of punishment for the act and fears that punishment. People fear death mor e than anything else, and death is therefore the most effective possible deterrent (Clay 70) Many people who oppose the death penalty will use everything from morality to religion to try and support their beliefs. Those who support the death penalty can do the same: as the bible says, Whoever takes the life of any human being shall be put to death A life for a life! Anyone who inflicts an injury on his neighbor shall receive the same in return (Leviticus 24: 17-19) I am not saying that the Bible is the authority in American social and judicial policy, but many people believe in their religion, and the Bible is what they use to support their beliefs. By accepting this interpretation of the Bible, I believe many more people would support the death penalty. I agree with Walter Berns when he says, The criminal law must be made awful, by which I mean, awe-inspiring, or commanding pro-found respect or reverential fear. It must remind us of the moral order by which alone we can live as human beings, and in our day the only punishment that can do this is capital punishment (Berns 173). One way to grasp the publics attention is to consider public execution. Representative William L. Clay Sr. states, If capital punishment is to serve as a deterrent, this country must emulate the example set by China. There executions are held in public and carried out by a single shot in the back of the head (Clay 95). This would definitely send a message out to any possible criminal to think twice before acting on impulse. Allowing the public to witness someone elses life being taken away would demonstrate the seriousness of the crime, instilling fear into those who may commit crimes in the future. As for the critics who believe that capital punishment is not a deterrent, it will stop repeat offenders. According to Walter Berns, the most defensible justification for capital punishment is incapacitation. That an executed capital offender can never kill again is an unarguable fact (Bohm ix). An example of this was just recently in the news, Lawrence Singleton, who was paroled in California a decade ago for raping a teen-age hitchhiker and chopping off her forearms, was sentenced to death Tuesday for killing a prostitute in his Tampa living room (CNN Interactive). If Lawrence Singleton would have been put to death in 1978, Roxanne Hayes, a 31-year-old mother of three, would still be alive today. Obviously Singletons time in prison was not beneficial and did not rehabilitate him. This is a perfect example supporting the

Character Analysis of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart

In the novel Separation of the fall, Okonkwo is portrayed as a respected and decisive figure, and his fatal flaw will eventually work for him. Throughout the novel, he is obsessed with the idea of ​​becoming his father, so readers have been shown that Okonkwo has many of these features. This made him jealous, which banished him and made it difficult for him to adapt to his village changes. Okonkwo is drawn in various forms as a respectable figure. The main character 's main character Okonkwo of things also has its own characteristics. Over the tragic events in Chinasa Ceve, the hero's Okonkou proved to be a tragic person in confronting the task of overcoming the challenge between himself, the society, and his own destiny. One of the biggest civil wars Okonkwo fought was not that everyone he met was considered a masculine person. In the process of the novel, Okonkwo has a very advantageous existence. Each character of Things Fall Apart has its own character. The leading role of Things Fall Apart is okonkwo. He can change his character according to his situation. Okonkou learned these bad habits from my father. The character of Okonkou changed in the whole story of collapse of things. Unoka, the father of Okonks. Unoka is very lazy. He was troubled to plant crops on new fertile land, was at home to play the flute, drinks palm wine, and likes to have to borrow money to maintain this lifestyle, and never You will not be able to repay it. Unoka is at home and does not give any power for her family. In response, Okonkwo completely rejected his father. Since he did not want to become a great wrestler or warrior like his father in his tribe, he started to serve his family since very young, started a new farm and began to raise wealth. Okonkwo is the hero or hero of Chinua Achebe 's Fall Fall Apart. Okonk's father, Unocha is drunk who owes money to anyone. Unoka is not a good supplier, his wife and children often go hungry. As a result, Okonkwo was ashamed of his father, exceeded his growth experience, decided to be a successful citizen and a brave warrior. Okonkwo first asked for wealthy Nwakibie to subsidize his first harvest. Okonkwo explained that when most people are still smoking their mothers, I started supporting myself. If you give seeds of yam, I will not give up. Yukikawa praised Okonko's ambition and gave eight hundred mountains. I learned to use my thread, but I can trust you, Nwakibie said. As our father said, you can see mature corn from its appearance.

Media and Politics. Picking a local topic, national, and world topic Essay

Media and Politics. Picking a local topic, national, and world topic. Present topic - Essay Example This is because one source will have either some strength or weaknesses, therefore advantaging or disadvantaging the rival source, resulting in the differences. The media, for being such an influential part of society, requires regulations and ethics to govern what qualifies to broadcast or not, for instance in the case of politics, it is important for sources to remain neutral and not influence society in any way. Introduction The general media is a valuable source of information and a powerful medium of information that largely influences the understanding of daily events and occurrences of the people who access its releases. As a watchdog, the media has the potential to either be faithful or not, as it enjoys unlimited freedom in choosing and deciding what is worth publicizing or not, and what perception to create around a certain event or occurrence. The media is a wide fraternity of society comprising of numerous sources at different levels and has similarities, differences, str engths, weaknesses, and much influence on all aspects of society. This essay will conduct an analysis of media sources at three levels; local, national, and international, and bring out the mentioned qualities by comparing the uniqueness of two different media sources at each level in their mode of relaying similar political events. Local media level Local media coverage defines broadcasting of information concerned with a specific context such as a state, whose news would not be of much relevance to other states or to the larger national and international communities. In this case, this study will compare and contrast the relay of news concerning the 2012 accusation of (former) 18th Lieutenant Governor of Florida, Jennifer Carroll, of having a lesbian relationship with an aide in which we shall feature the Miami Herald and Sun-Sentinel as our news sources. The Sun-Sentinel The article with Carroll’s story as appearing on this media source on 12 July 2012 had the headline â⠂¬Å"Sex scandal becomes the talk of Florida’s capital.† The story is introduced with catchy words such as â€Å"titillating sex scandal† and goes on to describe Carroll as one who does not feature much in the news headlines but is this time in the limelight due to criminal charges. However, after this, there is not much mention of her accusations. Rather, the stories focus on one Carletha Cole who is Carroll’s former spokesperson and who is accused of conducting illegal recording. The story does not seem to directly attack Carroll, and all her accusations arise from second parties such as Cole’s attorney bringing up the sexual accusations, but not the source itself. The source does not reveal what the results of a polygraph test carried out on Cole were. At the conclusion of the story, there is much positive information about Carroll, such as the women representatives describing her as a role model. She is also linked to Christianity, and her histor y is depicted as never tainted before (Haughney and Bureau 1). The Miami Herald The Miami Herald’s headline of the topic is â€Å"Is Lt. Gov. Jennifer Carroll’s Former aide seeking vengeance or injustice?† In this source, Cole’s attorney introduces the sexual accusations against Carroll, this after we learn that Cole is facing criminal charges of illegally taping audio around the Florida State offices. In this article, they

Juvenile Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Assignment Example These experimentations usually lead them to engaging in at least one illegal demeanor like drinking or disobeying their parents. Some minors get caught and penalized for their illegal behavior while others remain unpunished. It leaves an impression as to what delinquent behaviors are punishable and forgivable? Sadly, its legal definition does not provide a clear distinction as to who are being caught and freed for engaging in illegal behavior. Response to Question #2: Different states have different age limits that help them determine whether an offender will be subjected to a juvenile court jurisdiction or to the jurisdiction of adult court. On average, once individuals reach the age of 18, they already are considered adults and therefore get tried in an adult court jurisdiction. The main concern here, however, is that it is difficult to quantify the level of maturity and cognitive capability of a person. Indeed, an individual can be 18 years old but it does not mean that he/she alr eady has the mental capacity and maturity of an adult. Another problem with using age as the fundamental determinant of adulthood is that it generalizes the social and psychological development of all youths. It fails to look at the differences of young individuals, specifically differences in their experiences, rate of development, and learning ability. Response to Question #3: The very system of juvenile justice varies in different states hence it is a great challenge to provide a description of it that would apply nationwide. The lack of uniformity in juvenile delinquency law in different states in America makes it difficult to standardized juvenile justice practices in the country. Consider that every state has different age definition of who can be considered juveniles. In addition, each state has its own way of handling or preventing certain juvenile behaviors because of people’s differences in their social, political, and economic circumstances. In some states, for ins tance, shoplifting is already a violation of the law and therefore merits a certain punishment. On the contrary, other states which are more tolerant about their juvenile delinquency law might have a different response to a person who commits the same offense. Moreover, although the law on juvenile delinquency is already in situ, local officers within juvenile justice still have their freedom to choose how to respond on a certain juvenile behavior. Response to Question #4: Since the subject of juvenile delinquency mainly concerns about the youths’ present life and future, the public throughout time fundamentally perceives it as an important social and political problem that needs to be looked closely and addressed. Most people believe that juvenile crime incidences are rapidly increasing and, therefore, need to be taken care of in tougher ways. Although the public’s perception is almost always unsupported, they are able influence juvenile justice in one way or another. Normally, the insights of the public about juvenile crime leads to a certain change in the way local governments respond to delinquency problem. Response to Question #5: Based on the UCR information provided in the text, juvenile

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Operation Management - Essay Example Thirdly, Maielli (2005) states that the plant was aimed at addressing persistent industrial conflict. In establishing this plant, 1000 knowledge workers participated in crafting the agreement that led to the creation of the new plant. As a leading objective, the new plant was intended to address union and company industrial conflict. Besides, the existing plants had continuously deteriorated the quality of the products, the management, therefore, set this new plant with an objective of acting as a benchmark in establishing quality production. The main goal was to foster quality, expand production, and end industrial conflicts with the unions. In addition, the objective driving this new plant was to restore a cognitive and institutional order. Traditionally, the car manufacturer had suffered a huge industrial unrest, in establishing the new plant the focus was establishing an industry based on realigning industrial processes and put under management controlled. Moreover, the objective was to streamline company operations with a view of setting car manufacturing strategy driven by astute institutional order driven by consumers’ intention of improving quality and expanding production. Lastly, Melfi plant objective was to establish organizational turn-around that would revamp production, establish quality and promote industrial growth (Maielli 2005). The design of the Melfi plat appeared to have been substantially affected by previous experience with automation and robotics in a number of ways. The Melfi plant was significantly influenced by Post-Fordism ideas of extensive production and organizational restructuring to meet the industrial dynamics. Post-Fordism reflects a move to expand quality production; the largest production plants established during the 1970s and 1980s were driven by this industrial ideology (Seitz &